Comparison of vegetation conditions along two backcountry trails in Mount Robson Provincial Park, British Columbia (Canada)

Vegetation conditions, i.e., plant cover, species richness, and the presence of exotic species, are compared along a high-use trail (Berg Lake Trail--BLT) and a low use trail (Mt. Fitzwilliam Trail--FWT) in Canada's Mt. Robson Provincial Park. We established 71 paired quadrats (1 m x 1 m), and assessed the amount of vegetation cover and species richness by four main lifeforms, i.e., woody species, herbaceous species, ferns, and moss, lichen and fungi. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) differences exist between control and trailside quadrats in vegetation cover, species richness and floristic diversity, and (2) differences exist between the high and low-use trails in the above-mentioned three parameters. Results show that for the majority of variables the differences between the control and trailside quadrats are statistically not significant. Variables showing significant differences are relative vegetation cover (for BLT only), exposed soil (BLT and FWT), herbaceous cover (FWT), moss, lichen and fungi cover (BLT), overall species richness (BLT), and herbaceous species richness (BLT). Ruderal and exotic species are present but only on trailside quadrats of the high-use trail. Results indicate that the Park administration's strategy to disperse use in the Mt. Robson Provincial Park should be examined critically, and some guidelines for acceptability of changes should be developed.     

九华山国内客源市场空间结构与出游行为研究

在实地调查的基础上，分析了九华山国内客源市场空间结构及其演变特征，得出国内客源市场集中程度降低、客源吸引力不断增强、波浪式推进的演变结论，并探讨了九华山旅游行为空间模式主要以单一目的地旅游模式和区域旅游模式为主，根据旅游意向调查结果显示，九华山与黄山在客源市场方面具有较强的互补性。     

Streamwater chemistry and flow dynamics along vegetation-soil gradient in a subalpine Abies fabri forest watershed, China

Streamwater chemistry and spatial flow dynamics from a subalpine Abies fabri forest in an experimental watershed located in the east slope of Gongga Mountain were analyzed to gain insights into the gradient effect of primary community succession on the stream biogeochemical process. Results showed that high sand content (exceeding 80%) and porosity in the soil(exceeding 20% in A horizon and 35% in B horizon), as well as a thick humus layer on the soil surface, made the water exchange quickly in the Huangbengliu (HBL) watershed. Consequently, no surface runoff was observed, and the stream discharge changed rapidly with the daily precipitation. The flow trends of base ions in the stream water were influenced by the Abies fabri succession gradient. Ca^2 , HCO3^- and SO4^2,- were the dominant anions in the streamwater in this region. A significant difference of Ca^2 , HCO3^- and SO4^2- concentration exported between the succession stages in the watershed can be found. But they had the similar temporal change in the stream flow. Ca^2 , HCO3^- and SO4^2- showed significantly negative correlations with the daily precipitation and the stream discharge. Concentrations of Cl^- , Na^ , K^ , and Mg^2 were low in all streamwaters monitored and we observed no differences along the Abies fabri succession gradient. Low ratios of Na. (Na Ca) (range from 0.1 to 0.2) implied cations were from bedrock weathering (internal source process in the soil system) in this region. But, a variance analysis showed there were almost no differences between rainwater and streamwaters for Mg^2 , Na^ , K^ , and Cl^- concentrations. This indicated that they might be come from rainfall inputs(external source). The highly mobile capacity, rapid water exchange between precipitation and discharge, and long-term export lead to this observed pattern were suggested.     

A study on the carrying capacity of the available habitat for the Rhinopithecus bieti population at Mt. Laojun in Yunnan, China

Background, aim, and scope  The Yunnan snub-nosed monkey is one of the most endangered primates in the world. It is experiencing a range of ongoing threats and the persisting effects of past disturbances. The prospects for this species are not very optimistic because habitat corridors are severely damaged by logging, grazing, and mining. Each group of the monkeys in different areas is facing a unique variety of threats. Based on genetic analysis, Rhinopithecus bieti should be separated into three management units for conservation, of which the Mt. Laojun management unit involves the most endangered primates. Despite the fact that the vegetation on Mt. Laojun is in a relatively pristine state, only two groups of monkeys, of a total of fewer than 300, survive in the area. With this paper, we aimed to address the capacity of the monkeys’ habitat at the study site and the possible reasons for the small populations. Materials and methods  Rapid ecological assessment based on a SPOT 5 image and field survey was used to simulate the vegetation of the whole area based on reference ecological factors of the GIS system. The vegetation map of the site was thus derived from this simulation. Based on the previous studies, the three vegetation types were identified as the suitable habitat of the monkeys. The confusion matrix-based field GPS points were applied to analyze the precision of the habitat map. Based on the map of suitable habitat of the monkeys, the utilization of the habitat and the carrying capacity were analyzed in the GIS. Results  The confusion matrix-based field GPS points were applied to the habitat analysis process, and it was found that the habitat map was 81.3% precise. Then, with the current habitat map, we found that the mixed forest currently used by the monkeys is only a very small fraction (2.65%) of the overall potential habitat of the population, while the dark conifer forest is 4.09%. Discussion  Poaching is the greatest short-term threat to this species, particularly in the southern range where local residents have a strong tradition of hunting. Quite a few individual monkeys are still trapped accidentally due to the high density of traps. These problems are hard to mitigate because it is difficult to enforce laws due to the extremely rugged terrain. Conclusions  The results show that there is a great ecological capacity of the area for the monkey’s survival and a great potential for an expansion of the monkey population at the site. Based on the current population and its geographical range, it can be estimated that the suitable habitat area defined by this study can support more monkeys, about many times the current population. Thus, at least in the Mt. Laojun Area, poaching pressure is the main factor to be responsible for the low density of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys instead of habitat alteration. Recommendations and perspectives  Based on these results, some suggestions relating to conservation can be made: Focus conservation efforts on the current distribution area of the monkeys and create a 20 km buffer zone; design a long-term plan for the suitable habitat outside the buffer zone to set up a wildlife corridor in the long run; establish an association for the local hunters exploiting, their knowledge on the animals to promote monkey conservation and stop poaching. Also, the map derived from the study helps managers to allocate conservation resources more efficiently and enhances the overall outcomes of conservation measures.     

山岳型旅游地旅游产品深度开发研究——以峨眉山为例

旅游产品是旅游目的地藉以吸引旅游者的最重要因素，对其进行开拓和深度开发对保持旅游地持久的竞争优势具有重要意义。经过大量的实地考察和资料收集，选取我国重要的山岳型旅游地——峨眉山为样区，在对开发理论和作为传统山岳型旅游地的峨眉山的旅游产品现存的主要问题探讨基础上，提出了峨眉山旅游地旅游产品深度开发的具体途径。     

Aerosol optical properties and the mixing state of black carbon at a background mountainous site in Eastern China

In-situ measurements of aerosol optical properties were conducted at Mt. Huang from September 23 to October 28, 2012. Low averages of 82.2, 10.9, and 14.1 Mm~(-1) for scattering coefficient(σ_(sp, neph, 550)), hemispheric backscattering coefficient(σ_(hbsp, neph, 550)), and absorption coefficient(σ_(ap, 550)), respectively, were obtained. Atmospheric aging process resulted in the increase of σap, 550 but the decrease of the single scattering albedo(ω_(550)) at constant aerosol concentration. However, the proportion of non-light-absorbing components(non-BCs) was getting higher during the aging process, resulting in the increase of aerosol diameter, which also contributed to relatively higher σ_(sp, neph, 550) and ω_(550). Diurnal cycles of σ_(sp, neph, 550) and σ_(ap, 550) with high values in the morning and low values in the afternoon were observed closely related to the development of the planetary boundary layer and the mountain-valley breeze. BC mixing state, represented by the volume fraction of externally mixed BC to total BC(r), was retrieved by using the modified Mie model.The results showed r reduced from about 70% to 50% when the externally mixed non-BCs were considered. The periodical change and different diurnal patterns of r were due to the atmospheric aging and different air sources under different synoptic systems. Local biomass burning emissions were also one of the influencing factors on r. Aerosol radiative forcing for different mixing state were evaluated by a "two-layer-single-wavelength" model,showing the cooling effect of aerosols weakened with BC mixing state changing from external to core-shell mixture.     

神农架风景资源特色研究

神农架山势雄伟，亚热带与温带叠置的气候条件孕育了丰富多姿的自然景观，其风景资源具有神、奇、珍、幽四大特色。其中以神秘的原始森林和珍稀的野生动植物资源最具魅力。     

2011年6~8月平流输送对黄山顶污染物浓度的影响

基于单条后向轨迹的滞留时间场和污染物排放强度场,设计了一种可以评估该轨迹对污染物的平流输送强度参数.利用2011年6~8月光明顶CO和O3浓度资料对该参数进行了验证,进而分析了该观测时段平流输送对光明顶污染物的影响;此外将O3浓度分成3档,利用改进的PSCF(Potential source contribution function)方法分析了各档浓度对应的源区分布.结果表明:(1)平流输送评估参数与污染物浓度的变化具有很好的一致性,表明平流输送对光明顶污染物浓度的变化具有重要作用.其中,安徽、湖北和江西三省交界区域的城市群向光明顶输送的污染物占到输送总量的一半以上;(2)光明顶O3浓度 >55×10-9、(30~55)×10-9、<30×10-9时所对应的主要源区分别为华北及长三角发达工业区、黄山西南方向的工业区、较远的南部沿海地区;(3)影响光明顶污染物浓度变化的输送类型可以分为秸秆燃烧输送、发达工业区气团输送、西南方向气团输送和海洋性气团输送4种类型,对应的污染物浓度(CO/O3)(×10-9)依次为474.47/72.50、221.16/57.71、86.31/30.41、51.67/27.45.     

典型岩溶区不同土地利用方式下雨季、旱季岩溶作用研究

2006年4月-2007年4月,通过野外溶蚀标准试片法,测试得出重庆金佛山岩溶区山腰碧潭泉和山顶水房泉两泉域5种典型土地利用方式下的6个测试点雨季和旱季溶蚀量.测试结果表明:雨季溶蚀量明显高于旱季,位于生态保护良好的山顶原始生态区测试点溶蚀率高于保护区、非保护区交界地带且受人类活动影响较大的山腰测试点;同一时段内不同土地利用方式下的测试点溶蚀速率也存在较大差异;6个测试点的年均溶蚀量由大到小依次为:水房泉竹林地>水房泉林地>水房泉草地>碧潭泉林地>碧潭泉灌草丛>碧潭泉耕地.从测试点的土壤基本理化性质分析得出,在研究区域内局地气候(降雨量、温度)影响的基础上,除了土壤CO_2浓度,土壤有机质也是控制两泉域岩溶速率的主要因素之一.     

衡山冻雨金属元素污染特征和来源解析

冻雨是冬春季节常见的灾害性天气,在我国主要分布在南方山区。冻雨在到达地表前以过冷水形式存在,是一种特殊的降水类型,其化学特性鲜见报道。2015年12月—2016年3月在南岳衡山气象站(海拔1265.9 m)收集了38个冻雨样品,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱分析了其中25种金属元素的浓度,并运用正定矩阵因子法受体模型解析了其来源。结果表明：冻雨中25种金属元素的浓度变化范围达7个数量级(2×10^-4—4×10³μg·L^-1),且大部分元素的浓度随着冻雨温度和pH的降低而增加。26%的冻雨样本受东北气团的影响,地壳元素浓度较高;而来自西南气团的冻雨样本占38%,重金属污染较重;南部气团(36%)携带的元素浓度相对较低。与国内外其他高山站点观测结果相比,衡山冻雨中金属元素的浓度水平整体上高于雨水但低于云水。通过富集因子分析发现,冻雨中Sb、Se、Cd、As、Zn和Pb等重金属明显受到人为源的影响,呈严重富集特征。源解析结果表明燃煤对冻雨化学成分的贡献最大(占31%),二次源、扬尘、工业排放和生物质燃烧的贡献分别为30%、18%、1...