典型温冰川区湖泊的稳定同位素空间分布特征

2014年8月对拉市海表层及不同深度湖水进行采样,分析拉市海湖水的氢氧稳定同位素的空间变化及其影响因素,探讨典型温冰川区域湖泊的水文补给特征.结果表明,拉市海表层湖水的δ~(18)O、δD值分别在-12.98‰~8.16‰和-99.42‰~-73.78‰之间波动,平均值分别为-9.75‰和-82.23‰;表层湖水的δ~(18)O及过量氘表现出相反的空间变化特征,有河水注入的区域δ~(18)O值较低而过量氘值较高;垂直方向上过量氘随深度变化较小,表明湖水在垂直方向上混合较充分,不同深度层上过量氘表现出自东向西先增大后减小的变化趋势,这可能与入湖河流的分布、湖泊所处的地理位置及自然条件等密切相关;同位素对比研究发现,拉市海的主要补给源为大气降水及河水,冰雪融水可能间接补给拉市海;对拉市海与青藏高原地区典型湖泊和非冰川区湖泊的氧同位素组成对比发现,冰川区湖泊中稳定同位素表现出明显的高程效应(拉市海除外),δ~(18)O随海拔升高而降低.非冰川区湖泊蒸发效应较为明显,同位素值明显偏正.     

Evaluation of trace elements contamination in cloud/fog water at an elevated mountain site in Northern China

Totally 117 cloud/fog water samples were collected at the summit of Mt. Tai (1534 m a.s.l.)—the highest mountain in the Northern China Plain. The results were investigated by a combination of techniques including back trajectory model, regional air quality and dust storm models, satellite observations and Principal Component Analysis. Elemental concentrations were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, with stringent quality control measures. Higher elemental concentrations were found at Mt. Tai compared with those reported by other overseas studies. The larger proportions and higher concentrations of toxic elements such as Pb and As in cloud/fog water compared with those in rainwater at Mt. Tai suggests higher potential hazards of cloud/fog water as a source of contamination in polluted areas to the ecosystem. Peak concentrations of trace elements were frequently observed during the onset of cloud/fog events when liquid water contents of cloud/fog water were usually low and large amount of pollutants were accumulated in the ambient air. Inverse relationship between elemental concentrations and liquid water contents were only found in the samples with high electrical conductivities and liquid water contents lower than 0.3 g m⁻³. Affected mainly by the emissions of steel industries and mining activities, air masses transported from south/southwest of Mt. Tai were frequently associated with higher elemental concentrations. The element Mn is attributed to play an important role in the acidity of cloud/fog water. The composition of cloud/fog water influenced by an Asian dust storm event was reported, which was seldom found in the literature.     

黄山夏季大气颗粒物中碳粒径分布特征及其输送潜在源区

采用Anderson 9级撞击式采样器和DRI Model 2001A 热/光碳分析仪对2014年6月30日~7月27日期间黄山光明顶大气气溶胶中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度进行分析,并结合二次离子和后向轨迹讨论其潜在来源.结果表明,黄山光明顶OC、EC的平均质量浓度在PM1.1中分别为(2.89±1.40),(0.14±0.19)μg/m3,在PM2.1中分别为(3.76±2.05),(0.17±0.24)μg/m3,在PM9.0中分别为(5.60±2.96),(0.18± 0.25)μg/m3.OC和EC主要富集在￡0.43μm段,占PM9.0中OC、EC质量浓度的25.97%和51.10%.观测期间EC来自外部输送,OC既存在外部输送也存在局地贡献.根据后向轨迹模式,观测期间碳质颗粒的外部输送主要来源为东部城市群以及西北地区和武汉一带.     

Levels of Hg and other chemical elements in volcanic ash fall samples erupted from Mt. Sakurajima,Japan

Mt. Sakurajima is a volcanic island in Japan, and a big city, Kagoshima, is quite close to the active volcano. Samples of volcanic ash fall erupted from Mt. Sakurajima were collected at several locations in Kagoshima City and analyzed for Hg and other elements, including major (Mg, Al, Ca, and Fe) and trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, As, and Pb). The concentrations of Hg varied from 6.3 to 124 ng g^?1, with the amounts of ash varying from 13 to 1230 g m^?2 month^?1. The Hg concentrations tended to be higher when the monthly amounts of ash fall were lower; other elements did not show such a tendency.     

黄山夏季气溶胶光学特性观测分析

利用2011年6~8月黄山光明顶气溶胶光学参数的观测资料,分析了气溶胶各光学参数的逐日变化和非降水条件下日变化特征,并结合Hysplit后向轨迹模式,探讨了不同气团影响下气溶胶光学参数的变化特征.结果表明:黄山光明顶气溶胶消光作用以散射为主,观测期间气溶胶散射系数(σsc)、吸收系数(σab)、单次散射反照率(SSA)和后向散射比(BSR)的平均值(标准差)分别为62.59(49.17) Mm-1、5.49(3.67) Mm-1、0.89(0.04)和0.13(0.02);各光学特征量具有明显日变化特征.σsc、σab和SSA白天高,夜间低, BSR则相反,边界层活动是影响光明顶气溶胶光学性质日变化的主要因素.聚类分析结果显示光明顶主要受西北方大陆性气团、西南方大陆性气团以及东南方海洋性气团的影响.不同气团影响下,气溶胶光学参数有很大差异,其中北方大陆性气团影响下的σab、σsc和SSA最大,东南方海洋性气团影响下最小,表明大陆性气团传输过程中二次气溶胶生成的影响较为明显.     

峨眉山野生黄连资源研究与评价

通过对峨眉山地区的野生黄连资源状况研究，加深对当地有关资源生态学与资源价值的认识。通过野外生境调查和伴生种恒有度分析和资源经济性与稀有性评价，指出当地2个野生黄连种类极其伴生种具有明显的岩生性，它们的分布生境及其伴生植物区系存在较大的区别，其中峨眉野连（Coptis omeiensis（Chen）C．Y．cheng）垂直分布幅较宽，喜中性土壤和阴湿环境；古蔺黄连（C．gtdinensis T．Z．Wang）分布海拔较高且局限，立地土壤呈强酸性，稍喜阳。目前广泛栽培的黄连（C．chinensis Franch）具有更好的综合经济性状，而当地的2个野生黄连类型具有明显的资源稀有性。其中值得注意的是，峨眉野连根茎及叶部的有效成份小檗碱的含量高于其它各种，具有值得重视的资源保护与利用价值。     

Seasonal features of aerosol particles recorded in snow from Mt. Qomolangma （Everest） and their environmental implications

To assess the seasonality of aerosol deposition and anthropogenic effects on central Himalayas, a 1.85-m deep snow pit was dug on the northern slope of Mr. Qomolangma (Everest). Based on the morphology and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) signal, totally 1500 particles were classed into 7 groups: soot; aluminosilicates; fly ash; calcium sulfates; Ca/Mg carbonates; metal oxides; and biological particles and carbon fragments. The size distribution and number fractions of different particle groups exhibited distinct seasonal variations between non-monsoon and monsoon periods, which are clearly related to the differences in air mass pathways. Specifically, the relative abundance of soot in non-monsoon period (25%) was much higher than that in monsoon period (14%), indicating Mr. Qomolangma region received more anthropogenic influence in non-monsoon than monsoon period.     

珠穆朗玛峰绒布河源区河水化学特征

为了研究绒布河源区夏季河水的基本化学特征 ,野外采集水样 117份 ,采用 PE-2380型原子吸收光谱仪测定样品的阳离子 ,Dionex-100型离子色谱仪测定阴离子 .结果表明 :①绒布河源区河水为 HCO₃,SO₄^- Ca型 .其离子浓度顺序为 :Ca²⁺>K⁺>Na⁺>Mg²⁺,SO^2-₄>Cl^->NO^-₃ .②河水中离子 Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO^2-₄ 之间 ,以及 K⁺和 Na⁺之间有很好的正相关关系 ,河水化学组成大部分来源于当地岩石的风化分解 .③整个夏季河水各月离子平均浓度和流量有良好的正相关关系 ,流量大的月份 ,各离子平均浓度也大 ,反之亦然 .     

贺兰山油松年轮中稳定碳同位素含量和环境的关系

植物中稳定碳同位素δ¹³C变化和环境关系密切,通过研究贺兰山油松(Pinus tabulacformis)植物纤维素中稳定碳同位素δ¹³C和环境之间的关系,发现该地区树轮纤维素中稳定碳同位素序列和大气中CO₂的含量关系密切,据此可以推算大气中的CO₂浓度的变化情况.研究还发现植物纤维素中稳定碳同位素δ¹³C的变化和生长年1～7月的总降水量显著负相关(r=-0.515,a=0.05),而和当年6～8月的平均气温显著正相关(r=0.427,α=0.05).通过对比树轮纤维素稳定同位素δ¹³C值和太阳黑子之间的关系,发现太阳黑子活动最强的年份往往对应较高的树轮纤维素δ¹³C值.     

喀喇昆仑山-西昆仑山地区晚新生代隆起过程及自然环境变化初探

喀喇昆仑山、西昆仑山及其山前地区的上新统与下更新统之间虽然为整合连续沉积,但两者岩相上存在着巨大差异,由此推论本区强烈隆起的时代为上新世末至第四纪初。早更新世与中更新世之间的构造运动使山前地区的上新统和下更新统发生褶皱变形,并与中更新统呈不整合接触。中更新世山体强烈上升,本区山地发生第一次冰川作用。晚更新世发生两次冰川作用,其规模是晚期小于早期。晚更新世晚期气候强烈干旱化,湖面退缩、大湖解体,一些外流水系变为内流水系,高原植被出现半荒漠—草原—荒漠的演替过程,此时昆仑山北坡黄土发育。