基于Global-Malmquist-Luenberger指数的沿海地带陆海统筹发展水平测度及区域差异分析

沿海地区是陆海统筹发展的区域载体,基于沿海省市的陆海复合系统进行陆海统筹发展的区域评估对海洋强国建设的理论与实践具有重要意义。论文以陆海复合经济地域系统为前提,将沿海城市形成的区域作为沿海地带,基于各沿海城市的集合作为省级沿海地带进行比较分析,建立包括经济、社会、生态以及环境4个维度指标体系,在考虑“非期望”产出的情况下运用Global-Malmquist-Luenberger（GML）指数测算沿海地带陆海统筹发展水平并进行区域差异分析。结果表明：第一,总体上,沿海地带陆海统筹发展水平全要素生产增长率大多处于无效率状态,且不考虑非期望产出明显高估了全要素生产增长率的增长;时间上,陆域、海洋以及陆海综合GML指数的变动趋于一致,呈平稳的态势;效率分解,陆海统筹发展水平全要素生产率下降明显是由规模效率变动和技术规模变动的下降所影响。第二,沿海地带正经历从“重陆轻海”到逐步实现陆海统筹发展的过程;对沿海地带陆海统筹发展水平空间差异进行分类,浙江、福建及河北属于陆域效率驱动型,环渤海地区（除河北外）、江苏、广西和海南属于海洋效率驱动型,上海和广东属于陆海效率复合型;区域差异形成的原因主要有产业结构差异、海洋产业技术门槛、海洋资源承载力以及政府政策。     

我国生活用水公平问题研究

在世界各地普遍面临日益严峻水危机的情况下,如何保证有限水量公平分配,已成为我国发展民生水利的重要组成部分,直接关系到我国水资源可持续发展。论文结合现阶段我国基本水情,选择与人民生活密切相关的生活用水,提出一种按城镇生活用水和农村生活用水构建的二元结构模型来计算用水基尼系数,将其作为我国生活用水量分配的公平性判断。根据我国1980、1985、1990、1995、2000、2005年人口、用水定额、城镇生活用水、农村生活用水数据,计算了我国用水基尼系数变化过程。结果表明,我国居民生活用水基尼系数基本趋于稳定,用水总体趋于公平。但1980-2000年一直有增高的趋势。因此,在应对气候变化对我国用水安全的挑战中,必须对此引起重视,防患于未然。     

短时间间隔的土地利用变化监测

传统的土地利用变化监测方法已无法完全满足当前经济的快速发展和城市急剧扩张的要求,利用光学遥感数据对地观测也受到天气和云层覆盖等诸多因素的限制。而Radarsat-1等雷达遥感数据可以在"全天候"的条件下对地表进行观测。论文以Radarsat-1图像获取的24 d时间周期为最短时间间隔,分析了24 d、48 d和72 d时间间隔下的土地利用变化监测,对短时间间隔内的土地利用变化监测的结果进行了总结。监测的结果需要在精度与时间间隔之间做出取舍。对于大部分的情况,24 d的时间间隔已可以得到60%以上精度的结果,部分月份的监测需要48 d的监测时间间隔。若需要更高的精度,则需要72 d甚至更长。     

中国经济转型阶段建设用地增长极限计量研究

论文以中国经济发展进程中的建设用地增长态势为研究起点,在把握经济发展与建设用地增长规律的基础上,提出建设用地增长极限命题;通过构建边际模型,计量建设用地增长的极限时点,进而剖析时空变化规律。结果表明:①1978-2000年间中国经济发展与建设用地增长具有周期性波动特征,两者波动周期基本一致;②中国建设用地增长极限平均时点为2047年左右,不同省(市)建设用地增长极限特征不论时间纵向还是空间横向比较,都大致沿东南-西北线依次分级;③东部地区较早达到建设用地增长极限,其中上海、江苏和广东等11个省(市)早于全国平均时点,河北、四川和青海等其余19个省(市)晚于全国平均水平,东部地区建设用地增长压力较大,中、西部地区增长压力相对较小。最后,论文提出提高中、西部地区的土地利用效率,控制粗放利用,鼓励技术创新等加快逼近建设用地增长极限的政策和建议。     

基于景观指数的细碎化对耕地利用效率影响研究——以扬州市里下河区域为例

从中观尺度研究细碎化对耕地利用效率影响,探寻遏制细碎化水平降低因素,以为高效农地利用政策制定提供依据。选取景观指数量化耕地细碎化水平,用数据包络分析(DEA)法对耕地利用效率进行评价,最后采用计量经济模型检验细碎化对耕地利用效率影响。结果表明:研究区扬州市里下河区域30个乡镇的耕地利用综合效率、纯技术效率与规模效率的平均值分别是0.949 3、0.972 2和0.977 0,具有一定提升空间;表征细碎化的第一主成分与地块平均面积、地块密度、面积加权形状指数和面积加权分维数的载荷值大于88%,第二主成分与边界密度指数载荷值大于91%;第一主成分对纯技术效率与规模效率的影响弹性是-0.002 7和-0.085 6,第二主成分对纯技术效率与规模效率的影响弹性是-0.001 1和-0.002 4。细碎化对耕地利用规模效率与纯技术效率产生显著负影响,且对规模效率影响大于对纯技术效率影响;应从地块面积、分布与形状等方面来降低细碎化程度以提高耕地生产能力。     

黄土高原典型土壤剖面有机碳物理组分分布特征

为阐明黄土高原典型区域土壤轻组有机碳(LFOC)和重组有机碳(HFOC)含量随土壤类型、土层和土地利用方式的变化规律,分析了从北向南依次分布的干润砂质新成土(神木)、黄土正常新成土(延安)和土垫旱耕人为土(杨凌)等典型土壤剖面(0~200 cm)LFOC和HFOC含量及分布特征。结果表明,从南到北,土壤LFOC和HFOC含量均显著下降 (P<0.05),整体来看,黄土高原典型区域土壤LFOC含量占有机碳比例偏低;LFOC含量及在土壤有机碳中的分配比例随土层加深而递减,其比例变化范围为1%~26%;土地利用方式对浅层土壤LFOC和HFOC含量影响较为显著,草地土壤0~60 cm土层LFOC和HFOC含量均高于同层次农田土壤(P<0.05),60 cm土层以下差异不显著;土壤LFOC和HFOC含量与微生物量碳、微生物量氮含量均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),前者的相关性系数更高,分别为0.841和0.507,表明土壤LFOC与微生物关系非常密切,是土壤微生物重要的碳和能量来源,极易受土地利用方式和微生物活性影响,同时表明用LFOC的变化更能快速有效地说明土壤碳库的变化规律。     

忻州市土地利用现状的环境敏感区分析

随着新一轮土地利用规划修编展开,针对忻州市土地利用存在的环境问题,利用调查资料和相关研究成果,有效管理土地利用空间向环境敏感地区伸展,减缓环境敏感地区的环境压力和生态胁迫,为市域土地利用方式和分区方案制定提供环境敏感性依据.从规划方案与面临的土地生态问题入手,划分生态环境、水源保护、污染影响、优质农田以及煤矿塌陷五类环境敏感区,并进行忻州市环境敏感地综合评价,明确其空间分布范围.研究结果表明,极高敏感、高敏感区占全市总面积的4%,较高敏感区和一般敏感区分别占10.5%和7.5%,低敏感区和非敏感区分别占40%和38%.通过分析规划土地利用功能分区方案与环境的协调性, 在土地利用规划过程中,提出土地利用方式和空间布局优化对策.     

Policy relevance of three integrated assessment tools—A comparison with specific reference to agricultural policies

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), a system of market support instruments, direct income transfers, and rural development measures, has been put through an ongoing reform process in recent decades. This paper introduces three policy impact assessment tools (SIAT, SEAMLESS-IF, MEA-Scope tool) and analyses how these tools have responded to a number of challenges for integrated assessment modelling as reported in the international literature. Significant progress has been made with regard to modelling linkages whereas other challenges, particularly those related to issues of scale and uncertainty management, require further efforts. It is also analysed which CAP instruments are represented and what kinds of effects can be analysed at different scales. Market instruments and direct payments are comparatively well represented, while the ability to model rural development measures is mostly beyond the scope of these tools. Because each tool has found a different solution for coping with the common challenges of integrated assessment modelling, the choice of one of the tools for a particular application depends strongly on the policy questions being asked. The SIAT provides the big picture via its ability to represent broad changes in policy instruments with EU-wide cross-sector impacts. The most comprehensive analysis of agricultural policy instruments can be obtained with SEAMLESS-IF. The MEA-Scope tool complements the other two approaches with detailed regional profiles.     

Fish population dynamics in a seasonally varying wetland

Small fishes in seasonally flooded environments such as the Everglades are capable of spreading into newly flooded areas and building up substantial biomass. Passive drift cannot account for the rapidity of observed population expansions. To test the ‘reaction-diffusion’ mechanism for spread of the fish, we estimated their diffusion coefficient and applied a reaction-diffusion model. This mechanism was also too weak to account for the spatial dynamics. Two other hypotheses were tested through modeling. The first—the ‘refuge mechanism’—hypothesizes that small remnant populations of small fishes survive the dry season in small permanent bodies of water (refugia), sites where the water level is otherwise below the surface. The second mechanism, which we call the ‘dynamic ideal free distribution mechanism’ is that consumption by the fish creates a prey density gradient and that fish taxis along this gradient can lead to rapid population expansion in space. We examined the two alternatives and concluded that although refugia may play an important role in recolonization by the fish population during reflooding, only the second, taxis in the direction of the flooding front, seems capable of matching empirical observations. This study has important implications for management of wetlands, as fish biomass is an essential support of higher trophic levels.     

Estimating the influence of overhead transmission power lines and landscape context on the density of little bustard Tetrax tetrax breeding populations

Collision with conductors and earth cables is a known impact generated by transmission power lines, however there is virtually no information on how these infrastructures might affect bird distribution in a landscape context. With this work we specifically hypothesise that transmission power lines may affect the occurrence of a threatened bird, the little bustard (Tetrax tetrax). To test this hypothesis we used a Stochastic Dynamic Methodology (StDM), analysing the effects of power lines in a landscape perspective and simulating population trends as a response to power line installation and habitat changes induced by agricultural shifts in southern Portugal. The data used in the dynamic model construction included relevant gradients of environmental conditions and was sampled during the breeding seasons of 2003-2006. Transmission power lines were significantly avoided by the little bustard and the developed StDM model showed that the distance to these utility structures is the most important factor determining breeding densities in sites with suitable habitat for the species, which possibly leads to displacement of populations and habitat fragmentation. The model simulations also provided the base to analyse the cumulative effects caused by the habitat degradation that can ultimately lead to the extinction of local populations. Within priority conservation sites, the dismantling of existing transmission lines should be considered whenever possible, in order to ensure adequate breeding habitat. The model is considered useful as an auxiliary tool to be used in environmental impact assessments, management and conservation studies.