Recursive Operability Analysis as a decision support tool for Risk-Based Maintenance

This work was developed with the support of MEMC, one of the most important producers of ultra-pure silicon wafers for electronic applications throughout the world. The availability of ultra-pure water is of prime importance in the silicon production process. In order to maximize the availability of UP water, MEMC has developed a preventive maintenance program and a detailed record of each maintenance intervention is recorded. This has allowed a complete failure rate data bank to be developed. In order to optimize the maintenance intervention, a Recursive Operability Analysis (ROA) has been used as a decision support tool. The results of the ROA, coupled with the failure rates, have made it possible to calculate the expected number of events (ENE) of various top events (TEs). The magnitude of each TE has been estimated on the basis of the monetary losses provoked by each event. The risk then has been calculated and the events ranked on this basis. Maintenance policies have been optimized with the aim of reducing the risk of the top ranked events.     

Approximating SWAT Model Using Artificial Neural Network and Support Vector Machine1

Abstract: With the popularity of complex, physically based hydrologic models, the time consumed for running these models is increasing substantially. Using surrogate models to approximate the computationally intensive models is a promising method to save huge amounts of time for parameter estimation. In this study, two learning machines [Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM)] were evaluated and compared for approximating the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. These two learning machines were tested in two watersheds (Little River Experimental Watershed in Georgia and Mahatango Creek Experimental Watershed in Pennsylvania). The results show that SVM in general exhibited better generalization ability than ANN. In order to effectively and efficiently apply SVM to approximate SWAT, the effect of cross‐validation schemes, parameter dimensions, and training sample sizes on the performance of SVM was evaluated and discussed. It is suggested that 3‐fold cross‐validation is adequate for training the SVM model, and reducing the parameter dimension through determining the parameter values from field data and the sensitivity analysis is an effective means of improving the performance of SVM. As far as the training sample size, it is difficult to determine the appropriate number of samples for training SVM based on the test results obtained in this study. Simple examples were used to illustrate the potential applicability of combining the SVM model with uncertainty analysis algorithm to save efforts for parameter uncertainty of SWAT. In the future, evaluating the applicability of SVM for approximating SWAT in other watersheds and combining SVM with different parameter uncertainty analysis algorithms and evolutionary optimization algorithms deserve further research.     

EcoEffect for outdoor environments; the process of tool development

Numerous evaluation tools for the built environment have been developed in recent decades only some however integrate the outdoor environment. In EcoEffect, a Swedish assessment system, the outdoor environment is one of five areas covered. The purpose of this article is to describe and discuss various issues that evolved during the testing and developing phase of the EcoEffect Outdoor tool. The tool is designed to cover all important health risks to people in an outdoor environment, to show the relationship between circumstances in the outdoor environment and the levels specified in Swedish legislation and to enable a speedy and accurate assessment of the outdoor environment on a property. The work has been carried out in cooperation with experts, residents and representatives of the construction and property sectors. The tool has been tested on existing properties, discussed in focus groups, and has been subject to theoretical development. The results have provided a basis for changing both the EcoEffect Outdoors tool and the framework of the EcoEffect system. Important conclusions here include the notion that a clear account should be given of the fundamental values of the tool, that environmental impact should be reported in the same way throughout the whole assessment process and that the tool has to adhere to both scientific and practical validity to be useful for the building sector.     

石化企业风险管理机制研究

从预防石化企业重大生产安全事故的角度,对我国石化企业建立风险管理机制的重要性和可行性进行分析和研究;结合石化企业生产过程危险性大、影响面宽的特点,依据风险管理的基本理念,对石化企业生产装置风险管理系统设计和石化企业风险管理机制的工作流程进行初步探索;提出在我国石化企业建立风险管理机制的基本思路和体系构架;指出实施这些重大工程可能面临的一些关键技术问题。所得研究结论可供有关部门决策时参考。     

基于数据库的农业非点源污染最佳管理措施效率评估工具构建

针对流域非点源污染的关键源区,配置最佳管理措施（BMPs,Best Management Practices）是非点源污染控制的有效途径.然而,受限于研究成本和不同地区自然地理条件的差异性,通过实地监测对BMPs削减效率进行评估的研究案例还不多见.多数相关研究仅关注单一类型BMPs的效率评估,使得研究成果仅仅适用于某些特定区域.对BMPs的潜在效益进行评估,可通过收集不同区域内BMPs的削减效率信息来实现.本文采用基于文献的BMPs效率评估方法,通过整理国内154篇关于BMPs研究的文献信息,建立适用于农业流域非点源污染控制的BMPs数据库.在此基础上,采用VBA（Visual Basic for Applications）和SQL（Structured Query Language）程序语言构建BMPs削减效率评估工具箱.该工具箱适用于非点源污染控制措施削减效率的评估,能够根据不同研究区特征,给出目标BMPs的污染负荷削减量,从而为BMPs的优选提供定量依据.以密云水库上游蛇鱼川小流域为案例研究区,根据该流域的非点源污染特征,对拟采用的BMPs进行评估,结果表明：草型植物篱、25 m河岸缓冲带、河岸带畜禽活动护栏以及集中放牧等措施控制效率最高.     

空气污染与健康效益评估工具BenMAP CE研发

为了评估空气污染带来的健康冲击、评估健康效益,克服现有评估工具(BenMAP V4.0)计算速度缓慢及用户体验较差等问题,受美国环保署委托,设计并研发了新一代空气污染与健康效益评估工具BenMAP CE,搭建了BenMAP CE的框架,进行了详细功能设计,并利用美国环保署提供的数据进行了实测.测试结果表明,基于相同的输入文件和设置,BenMAP CE能重现BenMAP V4.0的计算结果,相比现有的评估工具,BenMAP CE具有良好的用户体验、强大的GIS展示功能及大幅提高的计算速度.BenMAP CE是考虑了污染物环境浓度削减、人口密度、收入差异等经济因素的综合性评估工具,能为决策者评估空气污染控制措施所带来的健康效益提供辅助决策依据.     

Development of PAOT Tool Kit for Work Improvements in Clinical Nursing

The aim of this study was to develop an action checklist for educational training of clinical nurses. The study used qualitative and quantitative methods. Questionnaire items were extracted through in-depth interviews and a questionnaire survey. PASW version 19 and AMOS version 19 were used for data analyses. Reliability and validity were tested with both exploratory and confirmative factor analysis. The levels of the indicators related to goodness-of-fit were acceptable. Thus, a model kit of work improvements in clinical nursing was developed. It comprises 5 domains (16 action points): health promotion (5 action points), work management (3 action points), ergonomic work methods (3 action points), managerial policies and mutual support among staff members (3 action points), and welfare in the work area (2 action points).     

生命周期评价在企业环境管理中的应用

环境管理对于企业的可持续发展起着决定性的作用,生命周期评价作为面向产品系统的新型环境管理工具越来越多地被企业所采用。文章结合中国企业环境管理实际,对所采用的环境管理工具做了分类,详述了生命周期评价的具体应用以及优势。对生命周期评价在未来企业环境管理中的重要作用做了展望。     

一种面向中小企业的LCA软件开发思想及开发实践

针对目前LCA应用仅局限于研究机构和大型企业,而中小企业环境压力更大的现状,提出了一种将LCA理论应用于中小企业的新方法,模板化LCA(TDLCA),给出了其定义,讨论了模板化LCA实施的理论基础,模板建立的方式,并在此基础上开发了面向中小企业的产品生命周期评价软件SME-LCA。SME-LCA在保证评价结果准确性的前提下,软件操作难度大大降低,节省了评价时间,提高了LCA的执行效率。TDLCA结合了LCA研究人员和中小企业的产品开发人员两方面的优势,是将LCA理论应用于中小企业的有效方法。     

基于响应面模型的区域大气污染控制辅助决策工具研发

基于CMAQ模型结果,利用高维克里金插值算法,建立了排放控制因子与污染物环境浓度的响应面模型(RSM),实现了大气污染可控源排放与复合污染水平的实时函数响应.研究结果显示,RSM对PM2.5的预测结果与CMAQ实际模拟结果的误差在容许范围内(最大误差小于0.20μg.m-3,3.89%).基于所建立的RSM,开发了RSM-VAT区域大气污染控制可视化辅助决策工具.使用RSM-VAT对美国8个典型城市的PM2.5污染状况进行了控制情景分析,通过"可视化展示"和"图表分析"二大模块,输出不同控制情景下的环境污染物浓度的实时响应图、可视化展示和数据分析图表等结果.