基于Sentinel-5P卫星的中国NO2浓度遥感监测

NO₂是重要的痕量气体,对其监测有助于大气污染治理。本文基于Sentinel-5P大气污染监测卫星提供的对流层NO₂浓度数据和总NO₂浓度数据,借助谷歌地球引擎(google earth engine,GEE)分析了2018~2021年间中国大气NO₂浓度时空变化特征,使用OLS模型揭示了中国地区NO₂浓度的主要影响因子。结果表明:我国对流层NO₂浓度空间分布呈现东高西低的总体格局,东中部城市群对流层NO₂柱浓度水平明显呈现冬高夏低、春秋过渡的季节特征,西部大部分城市的四季变化不明显。北京、深圳、上海3所城市NO₂柱浓度分布呈现出较为显著的圈层结构。OLS模型结果表明,中国地区NO₂浓度变化受到社会经济和自然因素的共同影响,其中城市化程度是影响NO₂排放的重要因子。     

过氧化氢和一氧化氮在小球藻抗阿特拉津胁迫中的作用

过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和一氧化氮(NO)作为信号分子,可调节植物生长、发育以及应对外源性胁迫。利用过氧化氢酶(CAT)以及NO清除剂(PTIO),研究了除草剂阿特拉津(atrazine,100μg·L~(-1))影响小球藻生长的机理,并分析内源性H_2O_2和NO在小球藻抗除草剂胁迫中的作用。研究结果表明,阿特拉津在诱发小球藻细胞死亡的过程中,不同程度促发了H_2O_2和NO生成;外源CAT可通过清除H_2O_2和诱导NO来缓解阿特拉津对小球藻的生长抑制;PTIO与阿特拉津的联合实验进一步证实,小球藻体内的NO诱导与H_2O_2的爆发无关,它们之间的合成没有相关性。因此,除草剂阿特拉津主要通过诱导小球藻体内的H_2O_2爆发来破坏藻细胞,抑制其生长,与NO的信号传递无关。     

2013~2014年北京市NO2时空分布研究

根据2013~2014年北京市NO₂监测数据,对比分析了全年及重污染日NO₂时空分布特征.结果表明:2013年NO₂平均浓度为56μg/m³,2014年北京市NO₂年均浓度为56.7μg/m³.年均及重污染日NO₂月均浓度均呈波浪型分布,日变化呈双峰型分布;空间分布上北部及西部山区NO₂浓度明显低于中心城区及南部地区. NO₂浓度与PM_2.5、CO、NO呈正相关关系,与O₃、OX无明显相关性;全年NO₂光解速率峰值平均在0.105/min左右,重污染日光解速率峰值平均在0.026/min左右;全年及重污染期间,氮氧化速率分别为0.142±0.061、0.190±0.036;高浓度NO₂既有利于O₃生成,又对重污染的形成起到了促进作用;重污染日特定条件下北京市NO₂的两种转化机制以转化为NO₃^-过程为主导.经计算2000~2014年北京市机动车的保有量与NO₂浓度的相关系数R为-0.84,机动车NO_x排放量对北京市NO₂浓度的变化有显著的影响.     

前驱体溶液pH对核壳型Cr/CeO2催化剂低温选择性催化氧化脱硝性能的影响

采用一步水热法合成了具有核壳结构的铬铈复合氧化物（Cr/CeO₂）,并将其用于选择性催化氧化（SCO）烟气脱硝,考察了前驱体溶液pH对催化剂低温催化活性的影响。实验结果表明,当前驱体溶液pH为2时制得的催化剂（CrCe2）具有较高的低温SCO活性,其在200 ℃下的NO转化率高达59%。XRD,SEM,BET,UV-Vis,TPD等表征结果显示：核壳结构的生成促进了Cr物种的高分散性,同时Cr的掺杂增大了催化剂的比表面积,从而提高了活性位点的总量;在该系列催化剂中,CrCe2催化剂具有最高的表面六价铬和化学吸附氧的占比,因此呈现出最高的低温SCO活性。     

The Influence of Atmospheric N Deposition on Nitrous Oxide and Nitric Oxide Fluxes and Soil Ammonium and Nitrate Concentrations

The deposition of atmospheric N to soils provides sources of available N to the nitrifying and denitrifying microbial community and subsequently influences the rate of NO and N₂O emissions from soil. We have investigated the influence of three different sources of enhanced N deposition on NO and N₂O emissions 1) elevated NH₃ deposition to woodlands downwind of poultry and pig farms, 2) increased wet cloud and occult N deposition to upland forest and moorland and 3) enhanced N deposition to trees as NO ₃ ^– and NH ₄ ⁺ aerosol. Flux measurements of NO and N₂O were made using static chambers in the field or intact and repacked soil cores in the laboratory and determination of N₂O by gas chromatography and of NO by chemiluminescence analysis. Rates of N deposition to our study sites were derived from modelled estimates of N deposition, NH₃ concentrations measured by passive diffusion and inference from measurements of the ²¹⁰Pb inventory of soils under tree canopies compared with open grassland. NO and N₂O emissions and KCl-extractable soil NH ₄ ⁺ and NO ₃ ^– concentrations all increased with increasing N deposition rate. The extent of increase did not appear to be influenced by the chemical form of the N deposited. Systems dominated by dry-deposited NH₃ downwind of intensive livestock farms or wet-deposited NH ₄ ⁺ and NO ₃ ^– in the upland regions of Britain resulted in approximately the same linear response. Emissions of NO and N₂O from these soils increased with both N deposition and KCl extractable NH ₄ ⁺ , but the relationship between NH ₄ ⁺ and N deposition (ln NH ₄ ⁺ = 0.62 ln N_deposition + 0.21, r ² = 0.33, n = 43) was more robust than the relationship between N deposition and soil NO and N₂O fluxes.     

菹草对铵氮和硝氮急性胁迫的响应

利用水族箱研究了在单一的铵氮和硝氮急性胁迫下.3d内菹草的现存量、生产力、叶绿素与可溶性蛋白质含量以及SOD和POD活性的变化特点.结果表明:铵氮胁迫下,菹草现存量增加百分比与铵氮浓度间显著负相关;铵氮＞1.56mg/L时,菹草现存量、生产力、可溶性蛋白含量开始明显下降.生长受到抑制;叶绿素含量在胁迫6h时无明显变化,在高浓度的铵氮胁迫24和72h时,含量明显下降;随着胁迫时间延长,SOD活性明显升高时对应的胁迫浓度越来越低,而在高浓度的铵氮胁迫下,活性明显下降;POD活性随着胁迫浓度的提高,在6、24和72h时,均先升后降.在0～200mg/L的硝氮胁迫下.菹草现存量先升后降,但其最低值与对照无明显差异;随着胁迫浓度增加,蛋白质含量在胁迫6h时无明显变化,24和72h时先升后降;叶绿素含量无明显变化,SOD活性持续升高;POD活性除在＞25mg/L的硝氮作用72h时下降外,均随硝氮浓度增加而增加.总生产力在硝氮≤100mg/L时无明显下降.NH4-对菹草的毒性远大于NO3-.     

上海市空气质量中NO2与气象因子的相关性分析及其浓度预报模型的建立

对上海市2008年环境空气中NO2及气温、露点、湿度、气压、风速等气象因子分别进行了相关性分析,结果表明NO2与上述气象因子均具有显著相关性;以2008年NO2与上述气象因子的日均值数据为基础,采用因子分析与多元回归建立NO2日均浓度预报模型,相关系数砰达到0．839。模型计算结果表明,影响NO2日均浓度的主要气象因子为风速、湿度、温度;采用2009年1月至5月同类监测资料对该模型进行检验,结果显示检验值与实测值的平均相对误差和平均偏差分别为14．68％和10．96％。故模型可作为上海市环境空气NO2日均浓度预报的参考方法。     

钙基吸收剂液相氧化法协同脱硫脱硝试验

采用CaCO3作为吸收剂,利用单隔板喷射鼓泡实验装置研究了NaCl02作为氧化剂的协同脱硫脱硝效果,并与KMnO4进行了对比.考察了不同试验条件对NO和SO2脱除效率的影响.实验结果表明,同等条件下NaClO2的脱硫脱硝效果优于KMnO4;低pH值有利于NaClO2氯化脱硝,但对于KMnO4氧化脱硝,pH值无明显影响;提高SO2浓度或降低NO浓度均可提高NO脱除效率,NaClO2的氧化脱硝特性较KMnO4显著;提高氧化剂加入量和喷射管浸没深度均可以提高脱硫脱硝效率.     

Preparation methods and thermal stability of Ba-Mn-Ce oxide catalyst for NOx-assisted soot oxidation

Manganese oxide-loaded and -doped ceria as well as the corresponding barium-modified oxide catalysts were prepared for soot oxidation in the presence of NOx, and were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and NO temperatureprogrammed oxidation measurements. The activity of catalyst depended strongly on the NO2 production capacity, and the importance of surface nitrates was weakened without heat transfer limitations. The formation of perovskite-type oxides after the high-temperature calcination caused the loss of NOx storage capacity for the Ba-modified catalysts, but did not seem to affect the NO oxidation activity obviously. The addition of barium did not prevent the phase separation of MnOx-CeO2 solid solutions, whereas it inhibited the sintering of oxide crystallites effectively. This, as well as the relatively high surface area, resulted in a small increase in soot oxidation temperature for the thermally aged Ba/Mn-Ce catalyst.     

低温条件下Nano-MnOx上NH3选择性催化还原NO

采用流变相法制备了无载体Nano-MnO_x催化剂,在低温条件下(50～150℃)以NH₃为还原剂系统考察了氮氧化物的选择催化还原特性.结果表明,流变相法制备的Nano-MnO_x催化剂具有良好的低温催化活性.实验条件下,80℃即可获得98.25%的NO转化率,100～150℃内NO几乎完全转化;SO₂和H₂Ｏ会与NO和NH₃在催化剂表面产生竞争吸附,导致催化活性下降,但该影响是可逆的.经分析,较大的比表面积和较低的晶化度是Nano-MnO_x具有良好低温活性的2个主要原因.