A perspective on community and state interests in small-scale mining in India including the role of women

To achieve 8% growth of the Indian economy, the industrial sector must grow at 10% rate. The vision statements of various core sectors of the country show that the mining sector will have to expand greatly. India is among the top ten mineral producing nations in the world and the Indian mining industry indicates almost the full range of extractive mineral products. Small-scale mining is quite prevalent in India. Such mines constitute about 90% of total number of mines, 42% of the total non-fuel minerals and metals, 5% of the fuel minerals. Some 3,000 small-scale mines account for a work force of about 0.5 million people. Yet this sector is a neglected sector in Indian economy and still considered as an unorganized sector. This article examines the community and state interests in small-scale mining and the contribution of small-scale mines to employment, national mineral production, practices, and Indian policy on small-scale mining. It identifies drawbacks in the existing Government policy and discusses a possible role for the Government to upgrade the sector. This paper highlights the impacts of mining on women community, the socioeconomic characteristics of women as miners and on the productive roles that women play in mining. It also discusses how the pursuit of sustainable livelihoods, poverty alleviation, indigenous peoples right and gender equity in artesianal and small-scale mining be more effective when these communities are disadvantaged or neglected by government policies. The respective roles of the indigenous people and migrant workers in the social organization of ASM sectors in different parts of the country are discussed. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

江苏省高资源消耗型产业甄别与竞争力评价研究

江苏省高资源消耗型产业经营模式粗放。行业产值贡献份额小，资源占用份额大。经济发展和人口、资源、环境的矛盾十分突出，因此。高资源消耗型产业的甄别与合理调控是江苏建设节约型社会的关键。本文采用了资源消耗指数法甄别出江苏省12种高资源消耗型产业。研究表明：高资源消耗型产业在江苏省工业中占据绝对的比倒优势。有些产业甚至是江苏省经济发展的主要支柱产业：针对江苏高资源消耗型产业发展的特点。从经济实力、资本实力、对外开放水平和资源节约实力4个方面构建了产业竞争力评价指标体系。采用因子分析法对高资源消耗型产业的综合竞争力进行了评价。研究结果表明，除化学原料及化学制品制造韭、纺织韭和电力、燃气及水的生产供应韭竞争力较强外。其他类别的高资源消耗型产业的综合竞争力普遍偏低；最后从产业发展结构调整、重点行韭发展规划和行韭管理优化3个方面对江苏高资源消耗产韭的可持续发展提出调控策略。     

CORRELATION OF COPROSTANOL TO ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN COASTAL AND ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS OF THE U.S.1

ABSTRACT: Results from the National Status and Trends Program, a nationwide effort to evaluate U.S. coastal and estuarine environmental quality, are analyzed to provide information about regional sources of organic contaminants in the benthic environment. Spearman's rank correlation procedure is applied to measurements of coprostanol, a chemical tracer of sewage, and three classes of organic compounds in sediments. The results suggest that discharges from publicly owned treatment works are responsible for concentrations of the organic compounds encountered in the northeastern coastal region, while other sources may predominate in the other regions of the country.     

洪水风险分析及近期防洪策略

目前我国主要江河流域大都只能防御常遇洪水,近10a内这种状况不会有大的改观。因此,我国近期防洪的重点是尽量减少主要江河流域中下游精华地区在出现超标准洪水时的损失。实现这一目标的有效途径,是在洪水风险分析的基础上,制定并实施防御超标准洪水的预案。而减少伤亡最有效的方法是控制山洪高风险区的开发和建立预警报系统。     

An integrated test strategy for the assessment of anaerobic biodegradability of wastewaters

The anaerobic biodegradability of wastewaters from different chemical plants was determined by an integrated test strategy consisting of an anaerobic toxicity test, a static anaerobic biodegradation test and a continuously operated fixed bed reactor test. This integrated procedure offered a useful tool for screening wastewaters for anaerobic biodegradability. Four different wastewaters were tested for anaerobic toxicity and biodegradability. One wastewater was used in subsequent testing in a fixed bed reactor which aimed to illustrate a potential design of an anaerobic treatment plant.     

基于卓越绩效模式（PEM）的环保企业质量战略

通过分析作为竞争优势的质量的四个层次,阐述了基于卓越绩效模式（PEM）的三维质量模型和建立基于卓越绩效模式（PEM）的质量战略的重要性及环保企业应采取的措施。     

A dynamic model for assessing the effects of management strategies on the reduction of construction and demolition waste

During the past few decades, construction and demolition (C&D) waste has received increasing attention from construction practitioners and researchers worldwide. A plethora of research regarding C&D waste management has been published in various academic journals. However, it has been determined that existing studies with respect to C&D waste reduction are mainly carried out from a static perspective, without considering the dynamic and interdependent nature of the whole waste reduction system. This might lead to misunderstanding about the actual effect of implementing any waste reduction strategies. Therefore, this research proposes a model that can serve as a decision support tool for projecting C&D waste reduction in line with the waste management situation of a given construction project, and more importantly, as a platform for simulating effects of various management strategies on C&D waste reduction. The research is conducted using system dynamics methodology, which is a systematic approach that deals with the complexity - interrelationships and dynamics - of any social, economic and managerial system. The dynamic model integrates major variables that affect C&D waste reduction. In this paper, seven causal loop diagrams that can deepen understanding about the feedback relationships underlying C&D waste reduction system are firstly presented. Then a stock-flow diagram is formulated by using software for system dynamics modeling. Finally, a case study is used to illustrate the validation and application of the proposed model. Results of the case study not only built confidence in the model so that it can be used for quantitative analysis, but also assessed and compared the effect of three designed policy scenarios on C&D waste reduction. One major contribution of this study is the development of a dynamic model for evaluating C&D waste reduction strategies under various scenarios, so that best management strategies could be identified before being implemented in practice.     

城市规划中的文化视野：以昆明市为例

城市文化生态建设不仅对城市环境保护起到重要作用，而且可以促进城市经济发在城市规划中应摈弃以环境代价换取经济效益的错误思潮蛤论，生态环境三者有机结合起来，实现城市优美人居环境和良好经济效益的双赢战略，走可持续发展之路。     

Investigation on the Degradation of Natural Heritage of Singing Sand Mountain and Crescent Moon Spring at Dunhuang City,China

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to put forward a reasonable idea of the general protection for Singing Sand Mountain and Crescent Moon Spring, a rare and unique desert wonder, and of sustainable tourism development based on the research on the ecological environment around. Methods of documentation, case study and comparison were employed. Finally, aiming at solving the problems of natural environment and those existing after the exploitation of Singing Sand Mountain and Crescent Moon Spring the author puts forward three measures: the comprehensive treatment for Crescent Moon Spring (broadening resources of water and reducing expenditures, checking the decreasing depth of Crescent Moon Spring, and improving the geographical environment), the general protection envisions for Singing Sand Mountain and Crescent Moon Spring and establishing a dynamic monitoring and early-warning system of regional ecosystem.     

不确定概率下安全控制博弈分析

为了研究建筑工程中的安全控制问题,建立不确定概率下施工企业与建筑工人之间的博弈模型,讨论博弈参与方的安全控制行为选择与收益矩阵中经济参数之间的关系。研究表明:施工企业和建筑工人的安全控制行为选择受多种因素的影响,包括双方对工程建设过程中的安全概率估计、工程顺利完成之后的收益、安全控制成本、发生事故之后的损失及赔偿以及对方的策略选择,继而建立了博弈双方策略选择与安全概率估计及经济参数之间的关系。