Comparing the impacts of hiking, skiing and horse riding on trail and vegetation in different types of forest

Nature-based tourism in protected areas has increased and diversified dramatically during the last decades. Different recreational activities have a range of impacts on natural environments. This paper reports results from a comparison of the impacts of hiking, cross-country skiing and horse riding on trail characteristics and vegetation in northern Finland. Widths and depths of existing trails, and vegetation on trails and in the neighbouring forests were monitored in two research sites during 2001 and 2002. Trail characteristics and vegetation were clearly related to the recreational activity, research site and forest type. Horse trails were as deep as hiking trails, even though the annual number of users was 150-fold higher on the hiking trails. Simultaneously, cross-country skiing had the least effect on trails due to the protective snow cover during winter. Hiking trail plots had little or no vegetation cover, horse riding trail plots had lower vegetation cover than forest plots, while skiing had no impact on total vegetation cover. On the other hand, on horse riding trails there were more forbs and grasses, many of which did not grow naturally in the forest. These species that were limited to riding trails may change the structure of adjacent plant communities in the long run. Therefore, the type of activities undertaken and the sensitivity of habitats to these activities should be a major consideration in the planning and management of nature-based tourism. Establishment of artificial structures, such as stairs, duckboards and trail cover, or complete closure of the site, may be the only way to protect the most sensitive or deteriorated sites.     

基于“反规划”视角的乡村旅游规划新途径探析

引入"反规划"思想,针对传统规划方法给乡村旅游带来的不利影响,强调"反规划"在乡村旅游规划中应用的必要性与可行性。通过与传统规划方法进行对比分析发现,当前乡村旅游规划中存在不少亟待解决的问题。同时,探析了"反规划"思想在乡村旅游规划中的运用,建立乡村旅游"反规划"发展模式为保障乡村旅游可持续性发展提供了理论依据。     

我国旅游教育发展的初步研究

我国旅游业的高速发展推动了旅游教育事业快速发展,同时也给旅游教育提出了更高的要求和挑战.在文献分析和整理的基础上,简要梳理了改革开放以来我国旅游教育发展所取得的显著成就,归纳出旅游专业教育在培养目标和模式、教学观念、课程设置、教学方法、师资力量、就业等方面存在的问题,最后提出了未来旅游教育发展的对策和建议.     

Comprehensive Assessment on Tourism Eco-environment of Gansu Province Based on Spatial Data

The article studies tourism eco-environment of 14 cities of Gangsu Province, China, based on GIS with many kinds of multi-subject spatial database, such as remote sensing data, observation data and literature data. The research results were as follows. First, spatial features of 14 cities＇ tourism eco-environment are displayed with five levels of vulnerability respectively. The vulnerability in Gansu becomes worse from Gannan City, located in southern Gansu to Hexi Corridor which lies in northwestern Gansu. Second, the areas of above the middle vulnerability level make up 75% of the total areas of Gansu Province. Third, more than 70% of high-level human and natural tourism resources are in the areas with high vulnerability eco-environment. Fourth, it is crucial to develop comprehensive tourism industry in order to improve the harmonious development between tourism industry and eco-environment in Gansu Province.     

上海都市旅游与长三角区域旅游的互动响应

随着经济全球化和区域一体化进程的加速,从长江三角洲地区区域旅游发展的视角重新审视上海都市旅游发展,探析都市旅游与其周边区域旅游发展的互动响应,具有重要的先导和示范效应。基于上海都市旅游发展面临挑战及长三角区域旅游合作进程的梳理,在对长三角旅游城市体系规模结构、长三角城市旅游经济联系度等指标的测评分析与研究基础上,提出上海都市旅游与长三角区域旅游互动响应路径首先是长三角核心城市（上海 南京 杭州）网络化发展,通过旅游产业网络化、市场网络化、组织网络化、服务保障体系网络化等各个子（分）网络共同构成互补、协作和理性竞争的长三角大旅游产业体系,尝试构筑“上海都市旅游 长三角区域旅游”共轭型的旅游地域综合体,旨在推进上海都市旅游与长三角区域旅游的和谐可持续发展,进而提升长三角区域旅游的整体竞争优势。     

城市旅游的一个研究剖面：国内外城市旅游产品研究述评

在回顾国内外城市旅游已有文献的基础上,对国外城市旅游产品这一专项内容进行了文献述评,内容集中于城市旅游产品类型包括城市文化旅游产品、城市遗产旅游产品、城市事件旅游产品、城市夜间旅游产品和城市旅游产品,要素包括城市旅游吸引物、城市旅游设施、城市旅游服务、城市可进人性。     

古城旅游地旅游影响的居民感知研究——以黄山市歙县徽州古城为例

古城旅游地是独具中国传统魅力的重要旅游目的地,而古城居民是古城生命力之所在。以黄山市歙县徽州古城为案例地,运用因子分析法,提取了古城居民感知的3个积极影响公因子和2个消极影响公因子,通过均值的比较,分析了居民对旅游影响的总体感知与态度。在此基础上,采用Bonferroni多变量协方差分析法（MNOVA）进一步分析不同细分居民群体对旅游影响感知的差异,展望了未来居民利益诉求的转变方向,以期为政府部门、旅游管理部门、旅游规划部门提供有益参考,促进古城旅游业的可持续发展。     

山东半岛蓝色经济区海洋生态旅游发展研究

发展海洋生态旅游是实现山东半岛蓝色经济区战略的重要途径之一。在SWOT分析的基础上,指出在山东半岛蓝色经济区发展海洋生态旅游必须明确其动力机制,坚持统筹发展战略,从生态保护、社区参与、区域统筹和产业协同四个方面采取具体的对策。     

京、沪、穗口岸入境外国旅游市场特征对比研究

我国入境旅游市场长期呈现港澳台市场占80％以上,外国市场不足20％的“二八”结构,因此拓展入境旅游外国市场是我国旅游业发展的重要任务。北京、上海、广州三大口岸是我国入境旅游发展的“桥头堡”,也是其他省市入境旅游发展的“二手客源地”,在我国人境旅游业中占据着十分重要的地位。采用问卷调查法,以从京、沪、穗口岸入境的外国游客作为调查对象,对三大口岸间的外国市场进行对比分析,并将其作为整体与全国入境外国市场进行对比研究,以期为拓展全国和其他省市的入境旅游外国市场规模提供理论指导。结论为：①从三大口岸入境的外国市场具有各自的特征,但在年龄结构、职业结构和学历结构上具有一致性。②从不同口岸入境的外国市场具有不同的空间分布范围和扩散能力。③从三大口岸入境的外国市场特征对全国入境外国市场特征具有控制作用。     

基于SARIMA模型的黑龙江省冰雪旅游国际需求预测

选取黑龙江省1990-2011年冰雪旅游入境人次的月度时间序列为研究样本,建立SARIMA模型对黑龙江省冰雪旅游国际需求进行分析预测。结果表明,SARIMA（4,1,4）（1,1,1）。模型的拟合度和短期预测效果都较好。通过应用SARIMA模型进行冰雪旅游预测,以期对黑龙江省旅游企业的冰雪旅游国际客源市场开发及政府部门制定冰雪旅游发展战略和政策调整提供重要的理论依据。