中国农业植被净初级生产力模拟(I)——模型的建立与灵敏度分析

以业已建成的稻麦作物净初级生产力模型为基本框架,建立了一个具有普适性的中国农业植被净初级生产力模型(CropC-)。CropC-的模拟对象为占我国农作物总播种面积2/3的水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、油菜和大豆。该模型包括2个主要功能模块:光合作用和呼吸作用;土壤-作物系统氮素运移。前者综合考虑了环境因子和氮素的影响,后者包括了作物氮素吸收、土壤氮矿化和化肥氮释放。灵敏度分析表明,在输入参数变化±10%时,CropC-对6个主要输入参数响应的敏感性依次为温度>光合有效辐射>大气CO2浓度>土壤全氮含量>施氮量>降水。模型分析表明,气候变暖将降低作物净初级生产力。     

用预先热处理的材料加工长杆高强度双头螺柱

用预先热处理的材料生产长杆高强度双头螺柱新工艺 ,消除了长杆的热处理变形 ,降低了机械性能的不稳定性 ,提高了产品质量及螺纹联接的可靠性。     

上海合流污水深海排放强化一级预处理的研究

复合式厌氧污泥床反应器是一种改进的厌氧处理工艺 ,可有效去除城市生活污水中的污染物 ,并提高了污水的可生化性 ,是一种较理想的城市污水强化一级处理工艺 ,为上海合流污水深海排放的实施提供了保障。本文对该工艺的装置特点和处理效果进行了分析研究 ,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

土地资源人口承载量的预测及其在人地关系研究中的意义——以江苏省滨海、苏州为例

几百年的人地关系研究历史证明,许多思想家和地理学家往往都以粮食这一特殊物质入手,并以粮食为诊断因素来反映人与自然之间错综复杂的联系。80年代中期兴起的土地资源人口承载量的研究,乃是这一传统研究思路的延续。因而,在我国深入开展这一项研究的过程中,有必要在吸收国外研究方法和经验的同时,注意总结历史的教训。①土地资源人口承载量的研究,其目的并不在于获取土地资源到底能养活多少人这一精确的人口数据,而在于揭示人口、粮食、土地三者之间的复杂关系及其地域差异。②土地资源的生产潜力是土地的自然属性与人类管理水平的综合反映,人类对土地的反作用以及科学技术的影响是使土地资源人口承载量发生阶段性跃迁的主要因素,在进行长周期预测时应予以足够的重视。③在引进国外方法和模式时,应根据不同的研究精度、不同的研究目的、不同的区域性质以及研究条件等加以科学订正。作者从人地关系研究出发,以滨海县和苏州市2个不同类型地区为实例,采用机助多要素图叠置分析的方法,进行了土地资源人口承载量的预测和分析。     

生物作用强化城市污水一级处理工艺研究

提出生物作用强化城市污水一级处理工艺 ,探讨利用生物絮凝吸附作用独立承担城市污水处理任务的可行性、影响因素及运行参数。试验证明 ,处理城市污水 ,当HRT为 1 1h ,DO为 1 0mg L ,CODCr污泥负荷为 3 4～ 4 0kg kg·d时 ,CODCr、BOD5和SS去除率分别为 6 8%～ 78%、6 5 %～ 72 %和 75 %～ 85 %。     

海南岛水稻气候生产潜力和人口承载量的估算

本文从海南岛自然优势出发,采用联合国粮农组织《产量与水的关系》中介绍的气候生产潜力的农业生态方法: 计算了海南水稻的气候生产潜力,从海南岛水稻生产和人口的现状出发,采用灰色系统中的GM(1,1)预测模型:计算和探讨了当前和未来水稻生产的人口承载量问题。试图揭示水稻生产的现状、问题和发展前景,为全岛水稻的产、销、购提供科学依据。     

The Role of Soil Organic Carbon in Maintaining Surface Elevation in Rapidly Subsiding U.S. Gulf of Mexico Coastal Marshes

Subsidence is a primary factor governing marsh deterioration in Mississippi River deltaic plain coastal marshes. Marsh surface-water level relationships are maintained primarily through soil organic matter accumulation and inorganic sediment input. In this study we examined the role of soil organic matter accumulation in maintaining marsh elevation in a brackish Spartina patens marsh. Measured rates of soil organic accumulation were compared to plant biomass production and soil respiration (carbon dioxide and methane emission) at the study sites. The study demonstrated the importance of plant biomass production to soil organic carbon accumulation in maintaining viable Spartina patens marshes in sediment-deficient coastal environments. The role of Mississippi River freshwater reintroduction in maintaining conditions for organic accretion is discussed.     

新疆中低产田发展人工草地的初步研究

从新疆天然草地的利用，农业面临的问题出发，说明在绿洲内发展人工草地的必要性。针对全疆中低产田特点，将其分成7种基本类型。按类型总结出相应适生的饲草种类。通过人工种植这些饲草，达到合理利用改良耕地的目的，进而带动整个农业产业结构的调整，建立起适宜新疆农业发展的草地农业模式。     

中国水灾社会脆弱性评估方法的改进与应用--以长沙地区为例

中国是洪水灾害发生频繁的国家之一,研究水灾脆弱性对中国的灾害风险管理有重要的意义.但是,合理评估脆弱性尤其是社会脆弱性却面临着极大的挑战.论文对评估社会脆弱性指数的研究现状进行了分析,指出了传统评估方法存在的问题,并尝试改进Hoovering评估模式.选择湘江流域的长沙地区为研究区,应用改进模型对研究区进行了社会脆弱性指数的评估.结果表明,长沙地区社会脆弱性从1980年至2000年基本处于下降趋势,但是在2002年和2003年增长迅速.2003年,长沙5区4县中社会脆弱性指数最大的是开福区,其次是长沙县,而宁乡县的社会脆弱性指数最低.     

Efficacy of created and restored nesting sites for the conservation of colonial Laridae in the South of France

By rapidly modifying key habitat components, habitat restoration is at risk of producing attractive cues for animals without providing habitats of sufficient quality. As such, individual fitness components, such as reproduction, could be reduced and restored habitats could become ecological traps. This risk notably appears by using artificial constructions in restoration projects, yet few studies have evaluated their efficacy in a robust way. We investigated this by analyzing 154 islets that were created or restored to improve the conservation status of 7 colonial Laridae species in the South of France. From 2007 to 2016, we compared occupancy dynamics and breeding parameters of these species between the restored sites and 846 unmanaged nesting sites. We also explored species’ preference for different nesting site characteristics and their respective effect on breeding parameters. Restored nesting sites were 2–9 times as attractive as unmanaged sites for all species except the Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus). Colonization probability was up to 100 times higher in sites already used by other species the previous year and increased with distance to the shore until >0.2 when distance was over 250 m. Abandonment probability was 29–70% lower when breeding was successful the previous year in all species except the Sandwich Tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis). Productivity and breeding success probability were 2 times higher on managed sites. Distance from the shore was an important attractive characteristic of artificial nesting sites in all species. Other nesting site characteristics had species-specific effects on colonization, abandonment, and breeding success. Our results indicate that managed nesting sites are successful conservation tools for colonial Laridae in the Mediterranean and do not act as ecological traps. Our study showed that testing the ecological trap hypothesis is a robust way to evaluate the success of restoration projects of breeding habitats.