新西兰氮排放配额与交易制度对中国的启示——以奶牛养殖业为例

近年来,排污权有偿使用与交易制度在中国部分省份开展了试点工作,许多大型的规模化畜禽养殖场也进行了排污许可证的申领。针对新西兰奶牛养殖业的污染治理措施进行了研究,梳理其开展污染防治工作的措施体系,以陶泊湖周边施行的氮排放配额与交易为主要对象,阐述了新西兰在养殖业排放配额与交易制度方面的工作实践,其配额基准核定方法、"资源许可证"申领制度、配额交易体系、相关支撑措施在一定程度上具备优势和先进性,对中国的畜禽养殖污染减排工作具有借鉴意义。     

Learning from the rubble: the case of Christchurch,New Zealand,after the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes

Learning after a disaster is crucial in creating more resilient places. However, many societies are repeatedly overwhelmed by disasters. This can be because of missed opportunities to learn in post‐disaster settings or because of actions implemented that seem to be highly relevant to recovery in the short term, but potentially constrain aspirations in the longer term. This paper assesses learning processes among state and non‐state actors and the ways in which these are bridged and scaled up to wider improvements in governance. Aiming to enrich understanding of post‐disaster learning, it explores different actors’ response actions after the earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2010 and 2011. On the one hand, ‘learning by doing’ is occurring, yet, on the other hand, systemic learning is hindered by mismatches between top‐down steering and bottom‐up initiatives. The study concludes that better linking and synergising of learning processes among different levels is vital for enhancing resilience in post‐disaster societies.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

雄安新区企业周边农田土壤-作物系统重金属污染风险及累积效应

为评估雄安新区企业密集区工业生产经营活动对其周边农田土壤和农作物中重金属污染风险的影响程度,系统分析企业周边农田区小麦籽实及其根系土壤重金属含量特征与超标情况,利用地累积指数(Igeo)和潜在生态风险指数(RI),采用主成分分析和相关分析等统计方法开展重金属污染风险评估和源解析.结果表明,根系土壤96.67％的样品存在1种以上重金属含量超出农用地土壤污染风险筛选值(GB 15618-2018),小麦籽实96.67％的样品Pb含量和16.67％的样品Cd含量超出食品安全国家标准(GB 2762-2017).根系土壤Cd和Pb污染相对严重,Igeo呈中～重污染以上等级状态的样品数占比分别为83.33％和53.33％,Cu、Hg和Zn处于轻污染和中污染状态的样品数占比90％以上,As和Ni呈现轻污染状态,Cr处于无污染状态.根系土壤样品RI介于212.69～1 022.69之间,73.33％的样品RI为强生态风险等级,Cd潜在生态危害最大,其次为Hg和Pb元素.土壤重金属Cd、Zn和Cu的富集主要受周边企业生产活动的影响,As、Hg和Pb除受企业生产活动因素影响外,还可能受汽车尾气、燃煤等人为源影响,Cr和Ni主要受自然地质背景因素影响.企业周边农田土壤-农作物系统重金属元素的累积与其距离企业距离(H)均呈负相关关系,距离企业越近,周边土壤-农作物系统重金属元素累积效应越显著.     

环境空气质量新标准对“十二五”目标完成的影响

十二五"期间全国PM_(10)浓度陡增导致了达标城市比例降低,影响了《国家环境保护"十二五"规划》空气质量指标的完成。通过对PM_(10)浓度时间和空间变化分析,得出《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-2012)的逐步实施对全国PM_(10)浓度的异常变化有着显著影响。新标准的发布施行,促进了PM_(10)监测仪器和方法更新升级,大幅收严了监测数据统计的有效性,提升了监测数据的质量控制水平,从主观和客观上更加有效的提高了监测数据的精度。     

Development and evaluation of the Lake Macroinvertebrate Integrity Index (LMII) for New Jersey lakes and reservoirs

In response to the recent focus by the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency on bioassessment of lakes, a multimetric index was developed for New Jersey lakes and reservoirs using benthicmacroinvertebrates. Benthic samples were collected fromreference and impaired lakes with muck and intermediate sedimentsin central and northern New Jersey during summer 1997. We used astepwise process to evaluate properties of candidate metrics andselected five for the Lake Macroinvertebrate Integrity Index(LMII): Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI), percent chironomidindividuals, percent collector-gatherer taxa, percentoligochaetes/leeches, and number of Diptera taxa. We scoredmetrics as the fraction of the best expected value (based on allsites) achieved at a site and summed them into the LMII. Evaluation of the LMII showed that it discriminated well betweenreference and impaired lakes and was strongly related to severalpotential stressors. Chemical and physical gradients distinguished between reference and impaired lakes, and the LMIIsummarized these gradients well. The LMII corresponded stronglywith land use, but some lakes with more urban land use stillachieved high scores. Based on a power analysis, the ability ofthe LMII to detect differences in condition was sensitive to thenumber of samples from each lake.     

雄安新区农田土壤-农作物系统重金属潜在生态风险评估及其源解析

为评估雄安新区农田土壤-农作物系统重金属潜在生态风险,分析测试新区小麦籽实和根系土壤中重金属含量及其赋存形态,利用综合污染指数（IPI_N）、潜在生态风险指数（RI）、生物富集系数（BFC）和风险评价指数（RAC）,采用主成分分析和相关分析等统计方法开展重金属潜在生态风险评估及来源解析.结果表明,新区根系土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn含量均值显著高于河北省表层土壤背景值.IPI_N介于0.2~5.18之间,94.83%的根系土样为安全无污染等级;土壤中Cd单指标潜在生态危害最大,其次为Hg元素,Cr、Ni和Zn潜在生态危害较小;总潜在生态风险以轻微和中等等级为主,占比分别为64.66%和30.17%.根系土壤中Cd生物活性形态组分（离子交换态和水溶态）占比达33.43%,生物有效性相对较高,其他各重金属元素赋存形态均以残渣态为主（残渣态占比>60%）.RAC指数由大到小为Cd > Ni > Hg > As > Cu > Cr > Zn > Pb,重金属Cd的RAC均值为22.75%,以中等风险为主,其他各元素RAC均为低风险或无风险.根系土壤重金属主要潜在来源是在地质背景的基础上叠加了人为活动.农作物籽实中重金属迁移、富集能力依次为Zn > Cu > Cd > Hg > As > Ni > Pb > Cr,其中As、Cd、Pb和Zn的生物有效组分对小麦籽实吸收重金属起促进作用,农作物籽实中重金属含量与土壤pH值呈负相关,土壤理化指标（OM和CEC等）双向影响土壤中重金属生物有效态组分比例.     

环境样品中农药的前处理及检测技术研究进展

综述了近年来农药环境样品的前处理及检测技术,介绍了各种前处理和检测技术的应用情况,在此基础上对环境中残留农药的前处理及检测技术的发展进行了展望.     

不同类型新车内醛酮类化合物的污染研究

随着人们对环境质量要求的提高,轿车逐步普及,车内空气质量正成为人们关注的焦点,特别是车内毒性较大的醛酮类物质更是受到普遍关注。选取了8种类型共93辆新车,在静止并且密闭条件下,对其内部环境的醛酮类物质的浓度水平进行测定分析。结果表明,大部分新车内都存在不同程度的醛酮类物质污染,总醛酮质量浓度为0.09～0.31mg/m3,平均质量浓度0.16mg/m3,其中甲醛为最高组分,其次为丙酮、正丁醛、乙醛,平均质量浓度分别为0.08、0.04、0.02、0.0003mg/m3。8类新车有7类都存在一定程度的甲醛超标,超标率为21%～50%,只有豪华车不超标。还对甲醛进行了癌症风险评价,结果表明风险值超过安全限值,存在癌症风险。     

Assessing the local economic impacts of land protection

Land protection, whether public or private, is often controversial at the local level because residents worry about lost economic activity. We used panel data and a quasi-experimental impact-evaluation approach to determine how key economic indicators were related to the percentage of land protected. Specifically, we estimated the impacts of public and private land protection based on local area employment and housing permits data from 5 periods spanning 1990–2015 for all major towns and cities in New England. To generate rigorous impact estimates, we modeled economic outcomes as a function of the percentage of land protected in the prior period, conditional on town fixed effects, metro-region trends, and controls for period and neighboring protection. Contrary to narratives that conservation depresses economic growth, land protection was associated with a modest increase in the number of people employed and in the labor force and did not affect new housing permits, population, or median income. Public and private protection led to different patterns of positive employment impacts at distances close to and far from cities, indicating the importance of investing in both types of land protection to increase local opportunities. The greatest magnitude of employment impacts was due to protection in more rural areas, where opportunities for both visitation and amenity-related economic growth may be greatest. Overall, we provide novel evidence that land protection can be compatible with local economic growth and illustrate a method that can be broadly applied to assess the net economic impacts of protection.