废弃硅钼棒循环再利用制备MoSi2 基抗氧化涂层

目的在实现钼资源循环再利用的同时,提高钼合金高温抗氧化性能。方法将废弃硅钼棒破碎、球磨制成粉末,并结合玻璃粉和硅粉作为原料,采用浆料法在钼基体上制备MoSi_2基抗氧化涂层。通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射和1400℃静态等温氧化实验等分析涂层的微观组织、结构及抗氧化性能。结果制备的MoSi_2基抗氧化涂层厚度约500μm,涂层整体上呈现出相对致密的结构。在1400℃氧化20h后,涂层质量增量为5.88 mg/cm2,呈现出较好的防氧化效果。结论利用浆料法,以废弃硅钼棒为原料,在实现钼资源回收再利用的同时,为钼合金表面制备具有较好抗氧化性能的MoSi_2基抗氧化涂层。氧化过程中,涂层在表面形成了一层致密的SiO2玻璃,具有较强的阻氧能力,减少氧气向基体的渗入,可以在高温氧化环境有效提升钼基体的抗氧化能力。     

地质高背景区土壤-玉米重金属综合质量评价

为了研究地质高背景区土壤及农产品的污染程度及原因,为农产品安全生产及土壤重金属风险管控提供依据,在重庆市巫山县抱龙镇耕地区采集了土壤-玉米协同样品36套,分析了土壤-玉米中重金属(Cd、 Hg、 Pb、 As和Cr)含量及土壤pH,利用内梅罗综合污染指数法(P_N)和综合质量影响指数(IICQ)对土壤-玉米中重金属的污染程度进行了评价,并分析了土壤重金属来源及玉米重金属超标的影响因素.结果表明,研究区土壤重金属含量的平均值高于全国及重庆土壤背景值,土壤重金属富集效应明显.Cd是土壤-玉米超标的主要因子,土壤和玉米Cd的总体超标率分别为91.67%和30.55%.内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果显示,土壤以重度污染为主,占比63.89%,玉米轻度污染、中度污染和重度污染的占比分别为5.56%、 11.11%和11.11%.土壤-玉米综合质量影响指数以中度和重度污染为主,分别占比44.44%和47.22%.从重金属污染空间分布来看,玉米与土壤污染区域不一致.土壤重金属污染主要受到二叠系和三叠系地层的影响,与黑色岩系和灰岩区次生富集作用有关.玉米Cd含量主要受到土壤pH的影响,...     

Minimizing Harm in Agricultural Animal Experiments in New Zealand

Intrusive agricultural experimentspublished in New Zealand in the last five yearsare reviewed in terms of the degree of animalsuffering involved, and the necessity for thissuffering in relation to research findings.When measured against animal welfare criteriaof the Ministry of Agriculture, thirty-sixstudies inflicted ``severe' or ``very severe'suffering. Many of these experiments hadquestionable short-term applications, had anapplication restricted to agriculturalproduction or economic growth, or could havebeen modified to prevent or reduce suffering.     

京津唐地区农村-城市转型研究

以农村发展为视角，城乡一体化为背景。详细分析了京津唐地区农村—城市转型的特征、动力机制和类型。通过分析，文章认为促进京津唐地区农村一城市转型的因素一部分来自于农村内部的改革和发展．一部分来自于中心城市的经济技术辐射。在此基础上．作者提出了推进京津唐地区农村-城市转型的主要对策。     

"分裂的全球化"与人类的可持续发展

经济全球化一方面推动了世界各国的合作，另一方面拉大了发达国家与发展中国家的差距。全球化进程中这种强弱群体的分化，实质上是一个“分裂的全球化”。它给人类的可持续发展带来了极大的挑战。全球化是人类发展不可逆转的方向。同时，可持续发展是人类社会共同的目标。只有解决分裂的全球化，人类才能实现可持续发展。     

Renovation of food-processing wastewater by a Riparian wetland

Treated wastewater from a food-processing plant, together with intermittent outflow from a hypereutrophic pond, were discharged over a 20-year period to a cattail-dominated wetland and hence to a small stream. Organics and nutriet levels in the effluent were comparable to levels in domestic wastewater. Fifteen variables were monitored upstream and downstream from the plant over 18 months. Means for most variables were slightly higher downstream, but differences between stations were not statistically significant. Wetland processing of nitrogen was markedly affected by a change from drought to flood conditions. After accounting for dilution, the overall effect of the wetland on the effluent was to reduce biological oxygen demand 43.7%, ammonia N 46.3%, nitrate/nitrite N 17.4%, and conductivity 15.6%. However, total suspended solids were increased 41.4%, total organic nitrogen 28.8%, and total phosphorus 24.7%. It was concluded that the wetland effectively renovated the effluent but the removal efficiency would be improved if the effluent were pretreated to reduce phosphorus and dispersed to increase residence time in the wetland.     

The Effects of Ocean Disposal of Sewage Sludge On the Relative Abundance of Benthic Megafauna

Disposal of sewage sludge in the New York Bight Apex (12-Mile Dump Site) ceased at the end of December 1987. Previous efforts to quantify the effects of sludge were hindered by the inability to obtain true replication. the cessation of dumping afforded the opportunity to apply the technique of replication in time, also known as a Before/After, Control/Impact design. Conditionally, this method allows one to separate treatment effects from the natural differences that confound many environmental impact studies. the Environmental Processes Division of the Northeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service sampled the benthic environment of the New York Bight Apex from June 1986 through September 1989 using a sample design based on the technique of replication in time.

Three dominant species (rock crab, Cancer irroratus; little skate; Raja erinacea; and winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and total demersal finfish, collected by otter trawl, showed no statistically significant response to the cessation of disposal. American lobster (Homarus americanus) increased in local abundance, but this result was possibly confounded by a change in fishing effort.     

SYNTHESIS OF FLOW-DURATION CURVES FOR UNREGULATED STREAMS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE1

ABSTRACT: Flow-duration curves are concise pictures of flow variability at a point on a stream, and provide essential information for all water-resource planning. In New Hampshire, useful estimates of flow-duration curves for ungaged points on unregulated streams can be made using only information readily available from contour maps: 1) area of the basin above the point of interest; and 2) either the measured mean basin elevation or the elevations of the highest and lowest points in the basin. Measured or estimated mean basin elevation is then used in regression equations to estimate mean flow QC and the flow exceeded 95% of the time, Q₉₅. QC is assumed to occur at the 27% exceedance frequency. Q₀₂, Q₀₅, and Q₃₀ are estimated as multiples of QC. Equations are provided for calculating 95% confidence intervals for future estimates using the method. The dependence of mean flow on elevation is due to positive vertical precipitation gradients and negative vertical evapotranspiration gradients. The dependence of Q₉₅ on elevation appears to be due largely to the fact that it rains more often, that snowmelt takes longer, and that evapotranspiration is reduced at higher elevations.     

Decision making for multiple utilization of water resources in New Zealand

The Clutha is the largest river in New Zealand. The last two decades have witnessed major conflicts centered on the utilization of the water resources of the upper Clutha river. These conflicts have by no means been finally resolved. The focus of this article is on institutional arrangements for water resource management on the Clutha, with particular reference to the decision-making processes that have culminated in the building of the high dam. It critically evaluates recent experiences and comments on future prospects for resolving resource use conflicts rationally through planning for multiple utilization in a climate of market led policies of the present government.The study demonstrates the inevitable conflicts that can arise within a public bureaucracy that combines dual responsibilities for policy making and operational functions. Hitherto, central government has been able to manipulate the water resource allocation process to its advantage because of a lack of clear separation between its two roles as a policy maker and developer. The conflicts that have manifested themselves during the last two decades over the Clutha should be seen as part of a wider public debate during the last two decades concerning resource utilization in New Zealand. The Clutha controversy was preceded by comparable concerns over the rising of the level of Lake Manapouri during the 1960s and has been followed by the debate over the think big resource development projects during the 1980s.The election of the fourth Labour government in 1983 has heralded a political and economic policy shift in New Zealand towards minimizing the role of public intervention in resource allocation and major structural reforms in the relative roles of central and regional government in resource management. The significance of these changes pose important implications for the future management of the Clutha.     

絮凝条件对絮体分形结构的影响

在85kg/m³的含沙高浊水中投加阳离子高分子聚合物,借助图像分析技术与沉降技术分析探讨了不同絮凝条件下泥沙絮凝形态学参数:絮体粒径、絮体有效质量密度、絮体自由沉速、浑液面沉速与上清液余浊等的变化规律.利用表征参数“分维”定量控制不同絮凝条件(如搅拌速率、搅拌时间、高分子浓度等)对含沙高浊水絮体结构分形特性的影响.实验证明,不合适的絮凝条件将导致絮体分形构造疏松脆弱,分维值低.絮凝条件合适时(快速絮凝强度为:r₁=300r/min,t₁=10s;慢速絮凝强度:r₂=120r/min,t₂=180s;CP浓度:0.1%),絮体分形结构处于最佳状态.该状态下的絮体具有粒径较大、沉速快、有效质量密度高、粒度分布均匀,分维值最高(D₃=2.16)的特点.而且,由静沉实验测得浑液面沉速高,上清液余浊也低.泥沙絮体分形结构达最佳时的混凝性能、沉降性能与结构密实性均较理想.