Statistical Models to Predict and Assess Spatial and Temporal Low‐Flow Variability in New England Rivers and Streams

In the northern hemisphere, summer low flows are a key attribute defining both quantity and quality of aquatic habitat. I developed one set of models for New England streams/rivers predicting July/August median flows averaged across 1985–2015 as a function of weather, slope, % imperviousness, watershed storage, glacial geology, and soils. These models performed better than most United States Geological Survey models for summer flows developed at a statewide scale. I developed a second set of models predicting interannual differences in summer flows as a function of differences in air temperature, precipitation, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, and lagged NAO. Use of difference equations eliminated the need for transformations and accounted for serial autocorrelations at lag 1. The models were used in sequence to estimate time series for monthly low flows and for two derived flow metrics (tenth percentile [Q10] and minimum 3‐in‐5 year average flows). The first metric is commonly used in assessing risk to low‐flow conditions over time, while the second has been correlated with increased probability of localized extinctions for brook trout. The flow metrics showed increasing trends across most of New England for 1985–2015. However, application of summer flow models with average and extreme climate projections to the Taunton River, Massachusetts, a sensitive watershed undergoing rapid development, projected that low‐flow metrics will decrease over the next 50 years.     

典型大气环境玻璃钢天线罩聚氨酯涂层工艺老化行为研究

通过南海海洋大气环境、海南万宁湿热乡村大气环境、西藏拉萨高原大气环境户外大气暴露对玻璃钢基灭线罩聚氨酯涂层工艺进行了老化试验，运用光泽、颜色、粉化率、SEM等手段测试了涂层在户外大气暴露的性能变化和表面形貌，并进行对比分析。结果表明，在相同大气环境中，工艺玻璃钢板／雷达罩底漆／浅灰航天聚氨酯涂层耐候性能优于工艺玻璃钢板／环氧聚酰胺／弹性聚氨酯磁漆涂层的耐侯性能；对于同种工艺，西沙海洋大气环境对其耐侯性的影响最大，其次是万宁湿热乡村环境，拉萨高原环境影响较小；光照、温度、湿度是涂层老化的主要原因。     

瓦斯爆炸在角联通风管网中的传播特性研究*

为研究真实通风工况下瓦斯爆炸冲击波在复杂管网内的超压演化规律及高温传播规律,采用数值模拟方法,研究角联通风管网模型中各个监测点在不同通风条件下对瓦斯爆炸冲击波超压及高温的影响规律,研究结果表明:瓦斯爆炸冲击波在角联管网传播过程中产生3个局部高压区域,高温气体主要在左、右通路内传播,斜角联分支内只受到微弱影响;管网入口风流的存在,使得爆炸初期冲击波超压经相同距离传播用时更短,峰值更大,破坏力更强;风流的存在使得管网内高温气体传播状态发生改变,斜角联分支与左通路尾部热量发生积聚,温度峰值更大。     

综放采空区瓦斯与煤自燃多场耦合模拟研究

为了分析瓦斯与煤自燃多场耦合致灾特性,结合瓦斯抽采引起的采空区混合气体流动、气体组分渗流与采空区渗透率变化、固气两相热量传输等多物理过程,建立了基于综放采空区高位钻孔瓦斯抽采的热-流-化多场耦合数学模型,采用COMSOL软件模拟了综放采空区高位钻孔抽采瓦斯诱导煤自燃过程,阐明了瓦斯与煤自燃多场耦合致灾机理,得到了寸草塔二矿31102综放采空区氧化带范围与高温范围,并探讨了抽采强度对综放采空区氧浓度场与温度场的影响。研究结果表明:高位钻孔抽采瓦斯有效地降低了回风巷瓦斯浓度,保证了31102综放工作面安全高效回采。增大综放采空区高位钻孔抽采瓦斯强度不能保证煤自燃安全性,二者存在矛盾,在得到高效抽采瓦斯的同时,会造成进风侧氧化带宽度增加,采空区氧化带边界向深处蔓延,扩大煤自燃高温区域,漏风携氧充分的参与煤氧复合反应,采空区最高温度逐渐上升,煤自燃风险增大。     

加速溶剂萃取-超高效液相色谱（UPLC）测定土壤中苯并（a）芘

本文优化了加速溶剂萃取-超高效液相色谱测定土壤中苯并（a）芘的方法。样品经加速溶剂提取,逐级减压浓缩,0.25um滤膜过滤净化,超高效液相色谱（UPLC）测定。结果表明,标准溶液苯并（a）芘含量在3.125～lOOug／L范围内,苯并（a）芘的线性呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9999,该方法的检出限和测定下限分别为0.015μg/kg和0.060μg/kg。将该方法用于4个地区土壤样品的测定,苯并（a）芘含量在0.04～6.26ug／kg之间,空白加标回收率为75.2％～96.4％之间,各项指控指标符合检测要求。     

Predicting Periphyton Cover Frequency Distributions across New Zealand's Rivers

Regression models of mean and mean annual maximum (MAM) cover were derived for two categories of periphyton cover (filaments and mats) using 22 years of monthly monitoring data from 78 river sites across New Zealand. Explanatory variables were derived from observations of water quality variables, hydrology, shade, bed sediment grain size, temperature, and solar radiation. The root mean square errors of these models were large (75‐95% of the mean of the estimated values). The at‐site frequency distributions of periphyton cover were approximated by the exponential distribution, which has the mean cover as its single parameter. Independent predictions of cover distributions at all sites were calculated using the mean predicted by the regression model and the theoretical exponential distribution. The probability that cover exceeds specified thresholds and estimates of MAM cover, based on the predicted distributions, had large uncertainties (~80‐100%) at the site scale. However, predictions aggregated by classes of an environmental classification accurately predicted the proportion of sites for which cover exceeded nominated criteria in the classes. The models are useful for assessing broad‐scale patterns in periphyton cover and for estimating changes in cover with changes in nutrients, hydrological regime, and light.     

磁法应用于填埋场渗漏检测的可行性论证

针对填埋场防渗膜(高密度聚乙烯,缩写为HDPE)膜上介质含水率不同的特点,提出利用磁法检测填埋场渗漏(简称磁法测漏).通过修正高压直流电法渗漏检测模型,定性分析了填埋场防渗膜漏洞附近磁场的分布情况.结果表明:当检测区域背景磁感应强度波动小于0.5 nT时,利用磁法检测填埋场渗漏有效可行;但当检测区域背景磁感应强度波动大于0.5 nT时,磁法测漏须通过比较固定点处供电电源在通、断电情况下的磁感应强度差异来判断,这在大面积范围内的工程上较难实现,仅可用于局部防渗膜的漏洞检测;由于影响磁场分布的因素较多,提高磁法测漏的抗干扰能力仍需进一步研究.      

炼钢焙烧高温烟气湿法净化工程设计与实践

湿法除尘有独特优点和用途。介绍了石灰窑窑尾高温烟气湿法净化的设计要点和主要设备计算方法。除尘系统投产后运行良好。对工程设计和运行管理提供参考。     

利用马铃薯淀粉废水处理沉淀物制备高吸水性树脂的研究

利用凹凸棒和膨润土混合黏土处理马铃薯淀粉废水,COD去除率可达52.8%,然后以马铃薯淀粉废水处理沉淀物为主要原料,采用水溶液聚合法合成高吸水性树脂,研究了中和度、沉淀物量、交联剂量、引发剂量等因素对吸水性树脂吸水倍率的影响。实验结果表明:当中和度50%、处理沉淀物8 g、交联剂0.015 g、引发剂0.15 g时,吸蒸馏水倍率可达793 g/g,吸自来水倍率可达227 g/g。     

基于风险分析的流域优先有机污染物筛查:方法构建

化学品的大量使用和排放进入水环境,对水生态系统产生诸多不利影响。因此,流域环境管理的重点之一就是如何筛查具有潜在风险的优先污染物。对于流域环境介质中污染物筛查而言,难点和关键是如何建立高效的分析方法来尽可能多的获取环境介质中的污染物信息,进而对其危害及风险水平进行判断与筛查。对在流域环境介质中污染物筛查方面具有潜在应用可能性的环境分析方法进行了综述,提出了以高通量分析方法为基础的基于概率风险分析的流域优先有机污染物筛查方法体系,并对体系中涉及的筛查基准、数据选择等关键问题进行了讨论。