EVALUATION OF THE ROSGEN STREAM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM IN CHEQUAMEGON‐NICOLET NATIONAL FOREST,WISCONSIN1

ABSTRACT: Data collected from 121 stream reaches during 1991 to 1993 were evaluated to determine the applicability of the Rosgen Stream Classification System (RSCS) to the low relief terrain within the Chequamegon‐Nicolet National Forest (CNNF) in Wisconsin, USA. All reaches were classified to RSCS Level I and II except that 10.7 percent had sinuosities below the continuum limits and one reach had a predominantly organic substrate. Five of eight possible RSCS Level I types were observed including B, C, D, A, E, and F; 86 percent were C and E types. Seventeen of 94 possible RSCS Level II types were observed. Most reaches were slightly entrenched, had low to moderate width/depth ratios, relatively low sinuosity, low slope, and sand or gravel as the dominant channel material. Discriminant analyses were used to verify the applicability of RSCS for streams within the CNNF; discriminant functions correctly classified 92.5 and 94.7 percent of the Level I and II RSCS types, respectively. When limits for E and F types were modified slightly at Level II by adding an additional category for slopes less than 0.1 percent (a modification we recommend for low relief terrain), discriminant functions correctly classified 99.1 percent of the types. Adding another slope break at 0.3 percent produced similar results. Based on our analyses, RSCS works well within the CNNF and is probably applicable to other areas with low‐relief terrain.     

The evolution of flame length for the oil tank fire with different top cover widths and lip heights

This study presents a quantitative analysis and interpretation of the variation in oil tank fire flame lengths for different oil tank sizes, top cover widths, and horizontal air flow velocities. The experimental results show that, at first, the flame length rises slowly with an increase in air flow speed. Then, once over a critical speed (0.6 m/s), the flame length decreases significantly with a further increase in air flow speed. Based on the characteristic length, a new dimensionless heat release rate is obtained, allowing the correlation between flame length, air flow speed, and dimensionless heat release rate to be calculated, which can be used to predict the flame length of an oil tank fire under different air flow speeds, lip heights, and cover widths.     

Modelling Ecological Presence–absence Data along an Environmental Gradient: Threshold Levels of the Environment

A methodology for estimating environmental thresholds of binary presence–absence data is presented where the level of the threshold is parameterised. Presence–absence data is fitted to three complementary different models: an independent null-model, a monotonically increasing or decreasing model, and an optimum model. The range of the three models is strictly between zero and one and the models are therefore well suited for modelling presence probabilities. The results of the three models may be combined by using Bayesian model selection methodologies. The proposed methodology is exemplified on observed binary presence–absence data of Bauera rubioides along an elevation gradient. Received: May 2005 / Revised: July 2005 An erratum to this article is available at.     

基于Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹破坏模式的条带矿柱破坏宽度研究

采用条带法进行地下开采时,条带矿柱的裂纹扩展导致了矿柱的最终破坏,且裂纹多表现为Ⅰ型裂纹与Ⅱ型裂纹复合扩展破坏特征。根据采场矿柱受力条件,确定条带矿柱受两侧采场空区影响时矿柱内Ⅰ-П复合型裂纹尖端的Westergaard应力函数,采用HoekBrown强度准则计算采场作业面围岩破坏区的边界条件,建立了矿柱破坏宽度计算模型。以上横山页岩矿床为研究对象,采用物理相似模拟试验,模拟条带法回采某盘区3个试验区段,利用DIP法分析受地应力及回采扰动作用下矿柱的裂纹发育特征,验证模型的有效性。结果表明,条带及其条带矿柱均为15 m等设计参数条件下,计算模型矿柱破坏宽度理论值分别为17.66 m、15.56 m和10.28 m,试验模拟结果分别为完全大于15 m、约为15 m和10.5~11.0 m,试验结果与依据模型计算的理论值相近。     

基于油松树轮宽度重建河北青龙过去123年平均相对湿度

相对湿度的研究对理解古气候变化有着重要的科学意义,但是目前国内利用树轮资料重建的历史时期相对湿度变化十分有限。本文利用油松树轮宽度重建了河北青龙地区1890—2012年5—7月的平均相对湿度变化,重建序列的方差解释量为39.1%(减少自由度后为38.0%)。重建序列显示出5个湿润期(1895—1899年,1906—1914年,1924—1926年,1950—1955年,1984—2000年)和5个干旱期(1900—1905年,1917—1921年,1927—1949年,1956—1973年,1975—1981年)。重建序列和观测数据均与邻近研究区的PDSI对应良好,表明该序列具有较强的空间代表性,可以反映河北北部地区的平均相对湿度变化情况。本研究表明研究区相对湿度变化不仅受局地气候控制,还可能受到ENSO影响。     

人员密度和出口宽度的不确定性对疏散行动时间的影响

基于Kikuji Togawa所提出的常用人员疏散行动时间经验公式，使用拉丁超立方抽样法，研究房间人员密度和出口宽度的不确定性对疏散行动时间的影响。得出二者服从均匀分布和正态分布条件下，疏散行动时间的概率密度直方图和累积概率曲线。结果表明，人员密度和出口宽度的不同分布形式对疏散行动时间都有显著影响，二者服从正态分布时，计算得到的疏散行动时间范围比服从均匀分布小，且较为集中。而服从均匀分布时，计算得到的疏散行动时间在其范围内则较为均匀、分散。在小概率0～0．1区间范围内，人员密度和出口宽度服从正态分布时，计算得到的疏散行动时间累计概率值明显较均匀分布小，说明二者服从正态分布得到的疏散行动时间值偏于保守。二者均为不确定参数时，假定人员密度服从均匀分布，出口宽度服从正态分布时计算得出的疏散行动时间值偏于保守。     

玻璃纤维(GFRP)布—高强混凝土界面的剥离承载力研究

高强混凝土如今被广泛应用于各种重要的民用和工业建筑物上,与其维修加固相关的问题急需人们去研究、解决。目前,外贴玻璃纤维(GFRP)布加固高强混凝土的关键问题——界面的粘结破坏机理还很少有系统研究。本文对41个粘贴GFRP布的高强混凝土试件进行了单面剪切试验,得到了不同影响因素(混凝土强度、GFRP布粘结长度、宽度比、GFRP布刚度)作用下的界面剥离承载力、应变分布以及破坏模式。统计分析承载力试验值,给出了适合高强混凝土的宽度比系数,进而得到了GFRP布—高强混凝土界面的剥离承载力计算公式;进一步将试验值与陈-腾公式进行了比较,并且检验了已有承载力模型预测的准确性;由试验得到的应变数据考察了界面应变分布,发现应变的理论计算值与试验值在弹性阶段吻合较好。高强混凝土下,超过有效粘结长度后界面的破坏模式主要为界面剥离破坏。     

变截面门式刚架结构极限承载力分析

采用变截面薄腹构件是门式刚架结构轻型化的主要措施之一。如何利用变截面薄腹构件的腹板屈曲后强度并同时保证构件乃至结构的安全度始终是门式刚架结构工程设计的重要内容。根据有效宽度法的基本思想,提出了相关屈曲系数概念,在变截面H钢构件双重非线性数值分析基础上获得的局部屈曲荷载拟合公式,应用于变宽度楔形腹板的有效宽度简化计算公式当中。应用改进后的有效宽度法,进行了变截面门式刚架结构考虑构件局部屈曲影响的极限承载力分析,探讨了腹板平均宽厚比、腹板楔率对结构极限承载力的影响,提出了对变截面门式刚架结构优化设计的工程建议,并具有工程指导意义。     

Precision Measurements from Very-Large Scale Aerial Digital Imagery

Managers need measurements and resource managers need the length/width of a variety of items including that of animals, logs, streams, plant canopies, man-made objects, riparian habitat, vegetation patches and other things important in resource monitoring and land inspection. These types of measurements can now be easily and accurately obtained from very large scale aerial (VLSA) imagery having spatial resolutions as fine as 1 millimeter per pixel by using the three new software programs described here. VLSA images have small fields of view and are used for intermittent sampling across extensive landscapes. Pixel-coverage among images is influenced by small changes in airplane altitude above ground level (AGL) and orientation relative to the ground, as well as by changes in topography. These factors affect the object-to-camera distance used for image-resolution calculations. ‘ImageMeasurement’ offers a user-friendly interface for accounting for pixel-coverage variation among images by utilizing a database. ‘LaserLOG’ records and displays airplane altitude AGL measured from a high frequency laser rangefinder, and displays the vertical velocity. ‘Merge’ sorts through large amounts of data generated by LaserLOG and matches precise airplane altitudes with camera trigger times for input to the ImageMeasurement database. We discuss application of these tools, including error estimates. We found measurements from aerial images (collection resolution: 5–26 mm/pixel as projected on the ground) using ImageMeasurement, LaserLOG, and Merge, were accurate to centimeters with an error less than 10%. We recommend these software packages as a means for expanding the utility of aerial image data.     

楼板对钢筋混凝土框架结构受力性能影响

汶川8级地震震害调查发现,这次地震中现浇钢筋混凝土框架结构多发生"强梁弱柱"型破坏,这与规范中"强柱弱梁"抗震设计原则相悖。为探究其原因,采用ABAQUS软件对钢筋混凝土带楼板框架和空框架结构进行了侧向加载情况的性能分析。通过对比纵向梁端钢筋应力变化和柱端钢筋应力变化,以及分析不同侧向位移对应的楼板钢筋的应力变化情况,指出楼板对梁端抗负弯矩能力的增强有很大贡献。研究了节点类型、楼板钢筋材性、侧向位移、梁高、梁跨和板厚等因素对纵向梁端处楼板有效宽度的影响规律,提出了负弯矩作用下梁端处楼板有效宽度的取值方法。