推流式SBR工艺可行性研究

根据我国中小型城市生活污水处理的需要,改进SBR部分结构,设计出推流式SBR装置,通过试验寻找推流式SBR运行条件,验证装置对有机物降解效率,同时亦验证装置对氮、磷的脱除效果。研究表明推流式SBR工艺由于特殊的运行方式,对NH3-N和TP的去除彻底,NH3-N去除率最高达到92%,TP的去除率最高达到98.76%,TN的去除率73%,COD去除率达90%。     

总氮浓度对3种沉水植物生长的影响

在1/40 Hoagland营养液的基础上,采用NH4NO3为氮源,设定了2、4、8、16 mg·L-1 4个不同总氮浓度的培养液,以洗净的长江河沙为栽培基质,分别对3种我国湖泊中常见的沉水植物马来眼子菜(Potamogetonmalaianus)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)和黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)进行了为期45d的水培试验,研究了水体中不同总氮浓度对3种沉水植物分枝数、根长、株高、鲜重等生长指标的影响,以期为富营养化水体中沉水植被的恢复与先锋物种的选择提供科学依据.结果表明,试验结束时不同处理的马来眼子菜的各项生长指标均显著增加,苦草没有产生新的分枝,黑藻的根长没有显著的增加;不同处理的3种沉水植物的鲜重在试验结束时均有显著增加,其增加的顺序表现为马来眼子菜＞苦草＞黑藻的趋势;植物株高和鲜重的净积累随处理浓度的升高而显著增加,根系的净伸长则随处理浓度的升高而显著降低.由于马来眼子菜所有的生长指标均表现出比苦草和黑藻有显著的生长优势,因此,在符合本试验条件的水体沉水植被的恢复过程中可以作为先锋植物.     

Runoff water quality from manured riparian grasslands with contrasting drainage and simulated grazing pressure

Globally, management of grazed riparian areas is critically important to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. However, the potential impacts of riparian grazing management on water quality are not well-documented, particularly in the southeastern USA. The objective of this work was to determine sediment and nutrient export under simulated rainfall from poorly drained and well-drained riparian soils where heavy or light grazing pressure by cattle was simulated. Plots were established on stands of existing vegetation to create grazing pressure treatments of (a) light-use (full ground cover, uncompacted), and with stands modified to establish (b) heavy-use (bare ground, compacted) treatments. Vegetation on poorly drained soils consisted of several typical wetland species (e.g., Pontederia cordata L., Juncus coriaceus Mackenzie) in the southeastern USA, whereas mixed tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)–dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) stands were the dominant vegetation on well-drained soils. Runoff volume was generally greater from heavy-use than from light-use for poorly drained soils and for well-drained soils. Greater runoff volume was also observed from poorly drained soils compared to well-drained soils for both light-use and for heavy-use treatments. Light-use plots were remarkably effective at minimizing export of total suspended solids (TSS) on both soils (<30 kg ha⁻¹). Mean total Kjeldahl P (TKP) export was fourfold greater from heavy-use plots than from light-use plots on both soils. While export of nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) was unaffected by grazing pressure and soil drainage, mean ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄-N) and total N (TN) export from poorly drained heavy-use plots was greater than fivefold that from well-drained light-use plots. Results indicate that livestock heavy-use areas in the riparian zone may export substantial TSS and nutrients, especially on poorly drained soils. However, when full ground cover is maintained on well-drained soils, TSS and nutrient losses may be limited.     

Selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides over a modified silicoaluminophosphate commercial zeolite

Nitrogen oxides(NO_x:NO,NO_2)are a concern due to their adverse health effects.Diesel engine transport sector is the major emitter of NO_x.The regulations have been strengthened and to comply with them,one of the two methods commonly used is the selective catalytic reduction of NO_xby NH_3(NH_3-SCR),NH_3being supplied by the in-situ hydrolysis of urea.Efficiency and durability of the catalyst for this process are highly required.Durability is evaluated by hydrothermal treatment of the catalysts at temperature above 800°C.In this study,very active catalysts for the NH_3-SCR of NO_xwere prepared by using a silicoaluminophosphate commercial zeolite as copper host structure.Characterizations by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and temperature programmed desorption of ammonia(NH_3-TPD)showed that this commercial zeolite was hydrothermally stable up to 850°C and,was able to retain some structural properties up to950°C.After hydrothermal treatment at 850°C,the NO_xreduction efficiency into NH_3-SCR depends on the copper content.The catalyst with a copper content of 1.25 wt.%was the most active.The difference in activity was much more important when using NO than the fast NO/NO_2reaction mixture.     

Arsenate biotransformation by Microcystis aeruginosa under different nitrogen and phosphorus levels

The arsenate(As(V)) biotransformation by Microcystis aeruginosa in a medium with different concentrations of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) has been studied under laboratory conditions. When 15 μg/L As(V) was added, N and P in the medium showed effective regulation on arsenic(As) metabolism in M. aeruginosa, resulting in significant differences in the algal growth among different N and P treatments. Under 0.2 mg/L P treatment, increases in N concentration(4–20 mg/L) significantly stimulated the cell growth and therefore indirectly enhanced the production of dimethylarsinic acid(DMA), the main As metabolite, accounting for 71%–79% of the total As in the medium. Meanwhile, 10–20 mg/L N treatments accelerated the ability of As metabolization by M. aeruginosa, leading to higher contents of DMA per cell.However, As(V) uptake by M. aeruginosa was significantly impeded by 0.5–1.0 mg/L P treatment,resulting in smaller rates of As transformation in M. aeruginosa as well as lower contents of As metabolites in the medium. Our data demonstrated that As(V) transformation by M. aeruginosa was significantly accelerated by increasing N levels, while it was inhibited by increasing P levels. Overall, both P and N play key roles in As(V) biotransformation processes.     

Characteristics and influence factors of NO2 exchange flux between the atmosphere and P. nigra

Nitrogen dioxide(NO_2)is an important substance in atmospheric photochemical processes and can also be absorbed by plants.N02 fluxes between the atmosphere and P.nigrc seedlings were investigated by a double dynamic chambers method in Beijing from June 15to September 3,2017.The range of N02 exchange fluxes between P.nigra seedlings and the atmosphere was from-14.6 to 0.8 nmol/(m~2.sec)(the positive data represent N02 emissior from trees,while the negative values indicate absorption).Under ambient concentrations the mean NO_2 flux during the fast-growing stage(Jun.15-Aug.4)was-3.0 nmol/(m2·sec)greater than the flux of-1.5 nmol/(m2-sec)during the later growth stage(Aug.8-Sept.3)The daily exchange fluxes of NO_2 obviously fluctuated.The fluxes were largest in the morning and decreased gradually over time.Additionally,the N02 fluxes were larger undei high light intensities than under low light intensities during the whole growth period.The effects of temperature on N02 fluxes were different under two growth periods.The NO_2exchange fluxes were larger in a range of temperatures close to 44℃in the fast-growing stage,whereas there were no evident differences in N02 exchange fluxes under widel differing temperatures in the later growth stage.Under polluted conditions,the uptake ability of N02 was weakened.Additionally,the compensation point of N02 was 5.6 ppb ir the fast-growing stage,whereas it was 1.4 ppb in the later growth stage.The depositior velocities of NO_2 were between 0.3 and 2.4 mm/sec.     

The plant-enhanced bio-cathode: Root exudates and microbial community for nitrogen removal

A plant bio-electrochemical system(PBES) was constructed for organic pollutant removal and power generation. The bio-cathode, composed of granular activated carbon(GAC), stainless wire mesh and a plant species(Triticum aestivum L.), was able to catalyze cathodic reactions without any requirement for aeration or power input. During the 60-day-long operation, an average voltage of 516 m V(1000 Ω) and maximum power density(Pmax) of 0.83 W/m~3 were obtained in the PBES. The total nitrogen removal and total organic carbon removal in the PBES were 85% and 97%, respectively. Microbial community analyses indicated that bacteria associated with power generation and organic removal were the predominant species in the bio-cathode, and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria were also found in the PBES. The results suggested that the coupling of plants with the GAC cathode may enhance the organicmatter degradation and energy generation from wastewater and therefore provide a new method for bio-cathode design and promote energy efficiency.     

淀浦河水体中氨氮、总氮和总磷污染变化趋势及相关性分析

根据2005年至2011年的监测结果,分析了淀浦河中下游河段的氨氮、总氮和总磷近几年污染变化趋势,并探讨了氨氮、总氮和总磷的相关性。结果表明,淀浦河总氮和总磷的年均浓度均超过水体富营养化的临界浓度,水体富营养化严重。氨氮、总氮和总磷相互之间存在显著相关性,可以通过氨氮、总氮和总磷中某一参数的测定,确定其他两个参数的数值范围,进而确定测定时的稀释倍数,有利于提高监测效率。     

间隔流动分析法测定水中的氨氮

充分利用间隔流动分析仪检测,速度快、自动化程度高的特点测定水中的氨氮,并将该方法与经典国标方法(纳氏试剂分光光度法)进行比对试验,F检验和t检验结果表明间隔流动分析方法与国标方法(纳氏试剂分光光度法)的精密度和准确度之间无显著性差异。     

城市空气中氮氧化物污染预报模型的探讨

本文着重介绍了适合城市空气中氮氧化物预报的五种模型 :统计模型中的MOBILE模式、时间序列分析法、投影回归技术和数值预报模型中的高斯模式及箱模式 .并在此基础上推荐了组合预报 .