A Technicoeconomic Approach for the Selection of a Site Remediation Strategy—Part A: Theory

A technicoeconomic model is developed to select an optimal strategy for the remediation of a contaminated site and to determine the value of this remediation strategy. The model is an extension of actual cost–benefit analysis, with consideration of “irreversible” remediation technology choices, technology effectiveness, and uncertainty on the site's level of contamination. The model considers the possibility of reducing uncertainty by both acquiring more and better information on the level of contamination and by offering the decision-maker the opportunity to reevaluate his decision and switch to a more appropriate technology. It is believed that this model will help decision-makers in the selection of a remediation strategy by presenting all potentially feasible strategies, and how uncertainty on the site's level of contamination affects these strategies.     

天津市乡镇工业企业大气污染健康损失估算

或然值评估法（Contingent Valuation Method)是一种广泛应用于环境物品，公共物品非使用价值或损害估算的具有代表性的非市场评价方法，而支付意愿（Willingness To Pay)是指在某种虚拟市场下，人们对环境物品，公共物品或某种服务愿意支付的货币量，其中，支付的最大货币量具有意义，根据支付的最大货币量，可以间接得到环境物品，公共物品或其损害的经济价值，从而可以获得导致损害的污染的经济估算值，本采用或然值评估法，通过调查当地居居的支付意愿，估算了天津市郊区乡镇工业企业大气污染导致的人体健康损失，结果显示，在1999年，天津市郊区（县）乡镇工业企业大气污染导致的人体健康损失值在9645万元和55772万元之间，人均为31．2元到180．4元之间（1999年），分析结果还表明，被调查的年收入，年龄与其支付意愿呈极显性相关。     

Economic amenity values of wildlife: Six case studies in Pennsylvania

The travel clost method (TCM) and contingent valuation method (CVM) were used to evaluate the economic value of six different ecotourism activities involving observation of wildlife in Pennsylvania. The six activities were: catch-and-release trout fishing; catch-and-release trout fishing with fly-fishing equipment; viewing waterfowl; watching elk; observing migration flights of raptors; and seeing live wildlife in an environmental education setting. TCM results provided significant statistical relationships between level of use and travel costs for the two types of trout fishing activities. CVM provided estimates of consumer surplus for the other four sites. The consumers' surplus value (1988 dollars) of all six activities to participants amounted to a total of more than $1.28 million annually—twice the total out-of-pocket expenditures of approximately $640,000 spent to visit the sites. The economic amenity values of the six activities compare favorably with similarly derived values in other studies for hunting, fishing, hiking, and backpacking in dispersed recreation environments and wilderness areas in western states.     

Costs and benefits of urban erosion and sediment control: The North Carolina experience

The EPA’s new nonpoint source pollution control requirements will soon institutionalize urban erosion and sediment pollution control practices nationwide. The public and private sector costs and social benefits associated with North Carolina’s program (one of the strongest programs in the country in terms of implementation authority, staffing levels, and comprehensiveness of coverage) are examined to provide general policy guidance on questions relating to the likely burden the new best management practices will have on the development industry, the likely costs and benefits of such a program, and the feasibility of running a program on a cost recovery basis. We found that urban erosion and sediment control requirements were not particularly burdensome to the development industry (adding about 4% on average to development costs). Public-sector program costs ranged between $2.4 and $4.8 million in fiscal year 1989. Our contingent valuation survey suggests that urban households in North Carolina are willing to pay somewhere between $7.1 and $14.2 million a year to maintain current levels of sediment pollution control. Our benefit-cost analysis suggests that the overall ratio is likely to be positive, although a definitive figure is elusive. Lastly, we found that several North Carolina localities have cost recovery fee systems that are at least partially self-financing. This article is based on research by the authors for the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources (DEHNR). The views are those of the research team and do not necessarily reflect the position of DEHNR.     

气候旱涝灾害诊断及其防抗服务

本文采取改进的“ＢＭ”方法，分旬、分县（市）客观、定量诊断气候旱涝灾害，进而模拟未来旬由旱（涝）转为正常所需的降水量（或无雨旬数）及其出现的气候概率。并在此基础上设计应用服务的实施方案．有效地提高防抗灾害的决策能力。     

基于SAVEE方法的海岛空间价值评价——以南沙群岛为例

对SAVEE评价方法的理论基础、分析步骤、应用条件和优缺点进行了系统归纳和总结,构建了SAVEE评价分析模型。以南沙群岛的空间价值评价为例开展实证研究,尝试将SAVEE方法应用于海岛空间价值评价。结果表明:SAVEE评价法计算简便,可操作性强,能够量化体现每个因子价值,评价结果清晰易懂。SAVEE为空间价值评价方法提供了新的选择,具有极大的应用前景。     

渤海石油平台溢油生态环境损害评估系统开发研究

为了准确评估渤海石油平台溢油对生态环境造成的损害,本文对国内外溢油生态损害评估方法进行了梳理,选择出适当的评估方法应用于渤海石油平台溢油生态损害评估中,实现了对海域的环境容量损失、生态服务功能损失和天然渔业损失的评估,最后借助计算机技术完成了生态损害评估的系统开发.模型的运行结果验证了模型的科学性和实用性,能够为有关部...     

武汉城乡人群对农田生态补偿标准的意愿分析

应用意愿调查法模拟测算出武汉市城乡居民对于农田生态补偿标准的意愿.研究表明,化肥及农药施用量在分别减少50%、100%等不同限制强度下,农户愿意供给农田生态服务并接受补偿的人数比例在69.32%~85.25%,城镇居民需求农田生态服务并赞同政府提供补偿的比例在80.22%~85.16%.不同施用限制下,农户认为政府应提供3928.88~8367.00元/(hm2×a)的经济补偿,城镇居民愿意政府向农户提供3354.75~8016.9元/(hm2×a)的补偿.从模拟的农产品交易市场出发,农户愿意供给化肥、农药施用限制的农产品的人数比例在54.29%~82.12%,城镇居民愿意以较高的价格购买环境友好农产品的人数比例在71.98%~82.42%.以稻米为例,农户愿意高出普通稻米1.65~2.66元/kg的价格生产环境友好农产品,价格增幅42.52%~68.45%;城镇居民愿意以高出普通稻米0.78~1.82元/kg的价格购买农产品,高出普通稻米均价20.08%~46.92%.     

基于农户受偿意愿的农田生态补偿额度测算——以武汉市的调查为实证

农业环境政策已成为西方发达国家激励乡村适宜景观地保护的有效方式,有利于克服农田生态环境供给的不足,鼓励农户逐渐向绿色农业、生态农业或有机农业的方向发展。以武汉市农户的调查为实证,应用意愿调查法构建模拟的农田生态补偿政策及交易市场,从减少农业负外部性行为,对农民放弃一定程度化肥、农药等化学物质的施用所带来的损失给予补偿的角度,测算出农户对农田生态环境补偿的意愿及额度。研究表明:①当化肥农药施用在减少50%、100%等不同的限制标准下,受访农户愿意生产及供给农田生态服务的人数比例在69.32%~85.25%,并认为政府应分别向农户补偿3 928.88~8 367.00元/ hm²·a,与农户按生产经验判断的减产幅度、增加的管理难度和工时相近;②从模拟的农产品交易市场出发,受访农户中愿意生产并供给化肥、农药施用量在不同限制标准下的农产品的比例在54.29%~82.12%,愿意以高出当前普通农产品1.65~2.67元/kg的价格生产环境友好型农产品,价格增幅在42.52%~68.45%。     

我国城镇居民对CO2减排的支付意愿调查研究

运用权变评价法(CVM)调查了我国城镇居民对CO2减排的支付意愿.结果表明,我国城镇居民愿意为到2050年全球CO2减排30%而每年支付132元;减排60%而每年支付216元;减排85%而每年支付264元.一般线性回归模型分析结果显示,城镇居民的受教育程度、家庭年收入、职业类型、所在城市、对气候变化的认知程度和环境意识,都对CO2减排的支付意愿有显著影响; 而且不同的CO2减排成本分配方案对人们的支付意愿也有显著影响.