利用海水资源直接农业灌溉的研究

2000～2002年在半干旱的山东莱州地区进行了海水直接灌溉鲁梅克斯(Rumexpatientia×R.Tianschanicus.cv.RumexK-1)、油葵(HelianthusannuusL.“G101B”)、菊芋(HelianthustuberosusL.)等耐盐植物的田间小区试验和室内模拟试验,结果表明:①试验期总降雨量212.9mm,灌溉定额每年为1500m³·hm^-2,海淡水比例0∶1、1∶9、1∶3、1∶1混合灌溉后的耕层土壤(0～40cm)盐分没有差异;室内模拟表明,降雨量为800mm,即使用1∶1的处理,1m土体脱盐率仍可达17%左右,表明海水适量灌溉可以缓解滨海盐土的土壤盐渍化;②海水灌溉大大减缓滨海盐土水分蒸发,1∶1处理灌溉30d后土壤水吸力仅为0∶1(全淡水)处理的50%左右;③1∶1海淡水灌溉处理的鲁梅克斯、油葵、菊芋产量与全淡水灌溉的没有显著差异,比不灌溉的增产1倍以上。     

Interactive effects of multiscale diversification practices on farmland bird stress

Farmland diversification practices (i.e., methods used to produce food sustainably by enhancing biodiversity in cropping systems) are sometimes considered beneficial to both agriculture and biodiversity, but most studies of these practices rely on species richness, diversity, or abundance as a proxy for habitat quality. Biodiversity assessments may miss early clues that populations are imperiled when species presence does not imply persistence. Physiological stress indicators may help identify low-quality habitats before population declines occur. We explored how avian stress indicators respond to on-farm management practices and surrounding seminatural area (1-km radius) across 21 California strawberry farms. We examined whether commonly used biodiversity metrics correlate with stress responses in wild birds. We used ∼1000 blood and feather samples and body mass and wing chord measurements, mostly from passerines, to test the effects of diversification practices on four physiological stress indicators: heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (H:L), body condition, hematocrit values, and feather growth rates of individual birds. We then tested the relationship between physiological stress indicators and species richness, abundance, occurrence, and diversity derived from 285 bird point count surveys. After accounting for other biological drivers, landscape context mediated the effect of local farm management on H:L and body condition. Local diversification practices were associated with reduced individual stress in intensive agricultural landscapes but increased it in landscapes surrounded by relatively more seminatural area. Feathers grew more slowly in landscapes dominated by strawberry production, suggesting that nutritional condition was lower here than in landscapes with more crop types and seminatural areas. We found scant evidence that species richness, abundance, occurrence, or diversity metrics were correlated with the individual's physiological stress, suggesting that reliance on these metrics may obscure the impacts of management on species persistence. Our findings underscore the importance of considering landscape context when designing local management strategies to promote wildlife conservation.     

黄土高原沟道农业系统与优化模式

黄土高原沟道农业是现代人地关系耦合发展的一种新兴农业地域类型，其可持续发展对于区域农业提质增效、乡村振兴和黄河流域高质量发展具有重大现实意义。本文基于人地系统科学原理阐述了沟道农业的概念内涵、科学认知、优化模式及其保障政策。结果表明：（1）沟道农业可持续性应遵从“要素—系统”到“结构—功能”，注重“沟坡水土保持、流域生态建设与区域乡村振兴”的多目标有机结合。同时，处理好宏观与微观效益的关系以及不同尺度的沟道水土构型、农田景观、农业系统的层次体系，深化贯通式研究，全面揭示沟道农业发展演变过程及其微观作用机理。（2）总结了沟道农业优化模式，搭建了不同模式的框架图，建议完善相关的技术与制度保障体系，以支撑实现区域乡村振兴和黄河流域高质量发展目标。（3）新时期黄土高原现代沟道农业高质量发展应立足于人地系统科学前沿，全面构建现代沟道农业系统理论与方法，深入探究优化沟道农业生产方式和创新经营管理模式的新途径。（4）基于要素流、产业链、流通网，面向SDGs目标和乡村振兴、粮食与生态安全，深入探究不同尺度沟道农业状态评估与情景模拟，服务支撑区域现代化建设决策。黄土高原沟道农业系统特征与优化模式研究，是推动农业地理学研究理论与方法创新，进而为黄土高原农业高质量发展提供科学依据的重要途径。     

中国农业源甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响因素

基于清单方法对中国的甲烷(CH4)及氧化亚氮(N2O)等农业源非二氧化碳(CO2)温室气体(GHG)排放情况进行核算研究,通过引入Tapio弹性脱钩理论和对数平均迪氏指数(LMDI)方法研究了中国农业源CH4和N2O排放的影响因素.结果表明:①1980-2018年中国农业源CH4和N2O排放量由0.56×109 t C...