Thermodynamic prediction and experimental investigation of short-term dynamic membrane formation in dynamic membrane bioreactors: Effects of sludge properties

In dynamic membrane bioreactors(DMBRs), a dynamic membrane(DM) forms on a support material to act as the separation membrane for solids and liquids. In this study, batch filtration tests were carried out in a DMBR using nylon mesh(25 μm) as support material to filtrate sludge suspensions of variable properties from three different sources to evaluate the effects on the short-term DM formation process(within 240 min). Furthermore, the extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek(XDLVO) theory was applied to analyze the sludge adhesion and cohesion behaviors on the mesh surface to predict quantitative parameters of the short-term DM formation process(including initial formation and maturation stage). The filtration results showed that the order of the initial DM formation time(permeate turbidity 1 NTU as an indicator) was as follows: sludge with poor settleability and dewaterability normal sludge sludge with poor flocculability. Moreover, normal sludge(regarding settleability, dewaterability,flocculability, and extracellular polymeric substance) showed a more acceptable DM formation performance(short DM formation time, low permeate turbidity, and high permeate flux) than sludge with poor settleability, dewaterability and flocculability. The influence of sludge properties on the initial DM formation time corroborates the prediction of sludge adhesion behaviors by XDLVO theory. Additionally, the XDLVO calculation results showed that acid–based interaction, energy barrier, and secondary energy minimum were important determinants of the sludge adhesion and cohesion behaviors. Therefore, short-term DM formation process may be enhanced to achieve stable long-term DMBR operation through positive modification of the sludge properties.     

铁铝复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附作用研究

铁铝氧化物是土壤的重要组分之一,其对土壤中有机无机组分的迁移具有重要影响.本文以枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌为研究对象,通过批吸附实验和DLVO理论,探究铁铝复合氧化物对细菌的粘附作用及其作用机制.结果表明,铁铝复合氧化物对细菌的粘附随着平衡浓度的增加而增加,吸附过程可用Langmuir方程拟合.铁铝1∶3复合氧化物对枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌的最大吸附量分别为3717.43和2792.29 mg·g~(-1),铁铝3∶1复合氧化物对枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌的最大吸附量分别为3455.58和2760.33 mg·g~(-1).随着pH值的增大,两种铁铝复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附量均呈下降趋势.铁铝1∶3复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附量均大于铁铝3∶1复合氧化物.静电吸引力是铁铝复合氧化物与细菌之间相互作用的主要因素之一.     

Policy, personal dispositions and the evaluation of aircraft noise

In this paper, we hypothesize and test the ideas that (1) people’s subjectivity in relation to aircraft noise is shaped by the policy discourse, (2) this results in a limited number of frames towards aircraft noise, (3) the frames inform people how to think and feel about aircraft noise and (4) the distribution of the frames in the population is dependent on structural variables related to the individual. To reveal subjects’ frames of aircraft noise a latent class model is estimated based on survey data gathered among a sample of 250 residents living near Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, a major international airport in the Netherlands. In line with expectations, the results show that there are four evaluative frames of aircraft noise, three of which are strongly linked to the policy discourse. The frames are associated with fitting levels of annoyance response. In turn, frame membership is influenced by two structural variables, namely aircraft noise exposure and noise sensitivity. The results indicate that social factors operate discursively in the explanation of subjective reaction to noise, while psychological factors operate within a traditional cause-and-effect model. The paper concludes with several policy implications.     

The influence of place attachment, and moral and normative concerns on the conservation of native vegetation: A test of two behavioural models

This study examines the influence of place attachment, values, beliefs and personal norms about environmental action on the conservation of native vegetation in two primary production settings in South Australia. We use regression and multiple mediation analyses to test a base model of pro-environmental behaviour which includes variables from value-belief-norm (VBN) theory and then compare it to an expanded model which includes the same variables and five dimensions of place attachment. The expanded model including place attachment explained up to twice the amount of variance in native vegetation planting than the base model when controlling for all variables preceding behaviour, but the overall explanatory power was low (<22%). Place attachment had a stronger influence on the antecedents of behaviour compared with the behaviour itself, particularly nature bonding which was a significant moderate predictor of both personal norms and awareness of consequences in the two study regions. We assert that place attachment has statistically significant direct and indirect effects on variables included in VBN theory. Future studies may reveal stronger effects in settings where there are fewer resource and monetary costs associated with pro-environmental behaviour.     

EIA screening and nature protection in Denmark

The number of environmental impact assessment (EIA) screenings in Denmark has increased dramatically since 2000. This is a consequence of increased pig production as well as the concentration of production on larger farms. In the same period, EIA rules have developed primarily due to an increased focus on the protection of groundwater and Natura 2000 sites. In particular, the implementation of Natura 2000 in Danish legislation has increased the demands on many farms. In its rulings on appealed cases, the Nature Protection Board of Appeal has strengthened its demands, and this is mirrored in screening practices. In this paper, the demands formulated in the guidelines of local authorities were analysed in order to investigate how the protection of groundwater, coastal waters, lakes and Natura 2000 sites develops through EIA screening. It is concluded that the level of protection has improved, and that the main cause for this is not EIA regulations as such, but the positive role which the implementation of the Natura 2000 objectives has played in this development. However, it was also found that the formulation of demands varies greatly between the counties, thus often resulting in ambiguity and leaving room for quite different practices in different counties.     

An institutional theoretic investigation on the links between internationalization of Chinese manufacturers and their environmental supply chain management

Increased market internationalization with more and stricter environmental regulations in different countries has caused manufacturers to extend their environmental management practices to cover their supply chain partners. Thus, environmental supply chain management (ESCM) has become an important competitive and environmental strategy for manufacturers to pursue. China, as a global manufacturer, is also facing this balance of economic development with environmental protection. The literature remains unclear on whether internationalization is beneficial or costly when it comes to environmental management practices such as ESCM within China. Further insight into this issue will be useful for organizations in developing and emergent economies to more effectively prepare for internationalizing their operations and markets. Using internationalization drivers that propel the implementation of environmental management practices in the Chinese manufacturing industry, we applied cluster analysis to group a sample of 377 Chinese manufacturers surveyed in 2007 into three clusters: mature internationalization, emergent internationalization, and domestic-focused. Institutional theory within an internationalization context sets the theoretical foundation for evidence that the international environmentally oriented institutional drivers encountered are positively associated with the adoption of ESCM practices by Chinese manufacturers. We also find significant differences in the environmental, economic and operational performance outcomes across the three manufacturer clusters. We conclude that manufacturing organizations experiencing internationalization with a greater extent of adopting ESCM practices tend to perform better.     

牛眼虹膜定位算法研究及其在肉食品追溯系统中的应用

为实现动物个体的精确鉴别,提高肉食品的安全性,将动物虹膜识别技术引入到肉食品供应链中,构建了基于虹膜识别的肉食品安全可追溯系统业务流程,实现了肉食品"从农场到餐桌"的安全保障;并以牛眼虹膜为例,根据其非同心椭圆的结构特征和图像仿射变换不变特征的原理,提出了一种牛眼虹膜快速定位方法。将牛眼虹膜内、外边界分别转化为圆形,对内边界采用灰度均值法粗定位与"三点定圆"精定位相结合的方法实现,对外边界设计了一种逐点扫描分层圆环算法来精确拟合。实验结果表明:该方法避免了虹膜信息丢失,减少了空间参数的选择运算。     

基于模糊方法的电除尘器火花率模型的研究

研究静电除尘器火花跟踪控制方式在不同煤种中的最佳火花率问题.火花率、燃煤灰分与除尘效率之间的关系非常复杂,难以建立精确的数学模型.利用模糊理论解决不同煤种对电除尘器最佳火花率的影响问题,根据实际的应用经验建立了由电场火花率、燃煤灰分决定电除尘器除尘效率的模糊关系.仿真结果表明,所采用的方法能根据不同煤种的变化找到电场的...     

危险源理论研究及在事故预防中的应用

为提高事故预防和控制水平,以现代安全科学的观点及事故致因理论为基础,运用事故案例分析研究方法,从危险源概念辨析入手,认为,危险源是指一切可能导致事故发生的能量、能量载体或危险物质,而不具有能量的隐患不是危险源。进一步探讨危险源的分类、层次结构及基于危险源理论的事故预防控制模型;同时,分析各类危险源在事故预防控制模型中的地位,指出事故的原因及防范对策。结果表明,事故是由直接危险源、第一触发危险源和初始触发危险源等不同种类的危险源的相互作用的结果,加强对不同危险源的研究,采取有针对性措施可有效提高生产安全管理水平及事故控制水平。     

基于格序理论的爆炸类危险化学品运输路径研究

为有效预防和减少爆炸类危险化学品运输中事故的发生,针对爆炸类危险化学品运输的路径优化选择问题,将多目标格序决策理论引入到路径方案评价比选中,构建了爆炸类危险化学品运输路径优化选择评价指标体系。结合指标选取的综合性和可操作性原则,从6个方面建立爆炸类危险化学品运输路径比选指标体系:影响区域死伤人数规模、影响区域厂矿规模、影响区域人口规模、影响区域名胜古迹保护性、影响区域生态环境保护性、影响区域综合出行费用规模。通过对各方案综合差异度的计算,实现了备选方案的格序化排序。并且在模型体系权重计算中采用了熵值法,实现了权重确定的客观性。最后,应用该模型结合实例进行了计算。