施肥及秸秆还田处理下玉米季温室气体的排放

以华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究对象,在玉米整个生长季,运用静态箱法针对正常施肥及正常施肥结合秸秆还田处理进行了为期3年N2O排放通量的连续观测,并开展了1季CO2和CH4交换通量的研究.在玉米整个生长过程中施肥阶段N2O的排放量占到了总排放量的83%—96%,表明现有化肥的使用明显导致了农田N2O排放增加.与控制地相比,施肥和耕种可导致玉米田CO2排放明显增加,且正常施肥及秸秆还田样地CO2排放主要集中在苗期至吐丝期.控制地、正常施肥样地及施肥结合秸秆还田样地CH4的累积排放量均为负值,说明旱地土壤是CH4的一个汇.秸秆还田在一定程度上增加了玉米季N2O和CO2的排放量,但对CH4的吸收有所抑制.正常施肥样地和秸秆还田样地全球净增温潜势分别为-1392.8 kg C.hm-2和-179.2 kg C.hm-2,表明华北农田在现有耕作方式下是大气温室气体的一种重要汇.     

华北雨季不同时段严重旱涝特征的诊断研究

利用华北平原地区的１３个站点,４５年（１９５１～１９９５）的降水资料,对夏季４个时段（６月、７月、８月、４～８月）进行了Ｚ指数计算,确定了干旱则主要发生在８月,并可明显看出由５０～６０年代的多水期向７０年代中期以后的少水期的转变,另外,乌拉尔山到巴尔喀什湖附近的低压槽加深和西北太平洋副热带高压的北抬,对华北地区雨季持续性暴雨的产生起着决定性的作用。严重洪涝年的夏季（６～８月）,西北太平洋副热带高压     

Strong ozone production at a rural site in theNorth China Plain: Mixed effects of urban plumesand biogenic emissions

Regional ozone (O₃) pollution has drawn increasing attention in China over the recent decade, but the contributions from urban pollution and biogenic emissions have not been clearly elucidated. To better understand the formation of the regional O₃ problem in the North China Plain (NCP), intensive field measurements of O₃ and related parameters were conducted at a rural site downwind of Ji'nan, the capital city of Shandong province, in the summer of 2013. Markedly severe O₃ pollution was recorded, with the O₃ mixing ratios exceeding the Chinese national ambient air quality standard on 28?days (a frequency of 78%) and with a maximum hourly value of 198 ppbv. Extensive regional transport of well-processed urban plumes to the site was identified. An observation-constrained chemical box model was deployed to evaluate in situ photochemical O₃ production on two episodes. The results show that the in situ formation accounted for approximately 46% of the observed O₃ accumulation, while the remainder (~ 54%) was contributed by regional transport of the O₃-laden urban plumes. The in situ ozone production was in a mixed controlled regime that reducing either NOx or VOCs would lead to a reduction of ozone formation. Biogenic VOCs played an important role in the local ozone formation. This study demonstrates the significant mixed effects of both anthropogenic pollution from urban zones and biogenic emission in rural areas on the regional O₃ pollution in the NCP region, and may have general applicability in facilitating the understanding of the formation of secondary pollution over China.     

中国华北区域城市间污染物输送研究

通过对华北地区城市间大气污染监测资料分析发现,城市之间存在着大气污染的相互影响和输送问题,大气污染是一个区域性的环境问题。治理和改善北京地区的大气环境,需要考虑周边地区影响,并实施综合性的污染控制和治理对策。使用二维欧拉统计模式,以SO2,SO42-,PM₁₀为模拟对象,模拟其远距离输送和沉降过程。对2002年的区域空气污染状况进行了模拟,模拟区域包括了所要研究的北京市、天津市、河北省等地区。利用实测资料对模式计算结果的检验显示,二者的相关系数平均为0 55。对资料的综合分析表明,北京大气环境中20%的PM₁₀及23%左右的SO2都是来自北京周边地区。      

长江口北支湿地资源和环境现状调查

调查了长江口支湿地环境现状，分析了评价长江口北支湿地的环境质量。指出，长江口北支湿地有着得天独厚的地理位置和自然条件，是世界范围内极具代表性十分重要的湿地，拥有丰富的水资源，动植物资源，滩涂资源等。近年来，由于长江上游河水质量下降，启东和海门经内河流向长江的城市生活污水，启东沿江建设的工业带，对北支口湿地环境质量产生了较大的影响。调查结果表明，长江口北支口水域主要污染物为COD，氨氮等，其污染程度呈现出以下规律：平水期（污染）＞丰水期（污染）＞枯水期（污染）。长江口北支区域陆地土壤中主要污染物为重金属元素镉，铅，锌以及滴滴涕，其中镉与滴滴涕达《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618－1995）中三级标准，其他指标达一级标准。     

Bird Extinctions in Atlantic Forest Fragments of the Viçosa Region, Southeastern Brazil

Abstract:   We studied the conservation status of Atlantic forest birds in 43 forest fragments ranging in size from 1 to 384 ha in the Viçosa region of southeastern Brazil. We compared data from 15 years of field work with historical records from the region, mainly originating from specimens collected by João Moojen during the 1930s. We used published studies associated with museum data and current field work to assess the decline of forest birds during the last 70 years and to relate their disappearance to forest fragmentation and destruction. At least 28 bird species have become locally extinct, 43 are critically endangered, and 25 are vulnerable, representing 60.7% of the original forest bird community known to exist in the region. Vulnerability to fragmentation differed among guilds, forest strata, and endemicity status. Birds that feed on fruit and seeds, and those that feed on insects, were more threatened than omnivores and carnivores. Nectarivorous species were less threatened than other guilds. Moreover, terrestrial and understory birds or birds using only one forest stratum also were more likely to have been threatened. Finally, Atlantic forest endemics were more likely to have become extinct than nonendemic species. In general, sensitivity to environmental disturbance at the local level was similar to the predicted vulnerability to regional disturbance derived from the literature. Our results indicate that a serious decline of Atlantic forest birds is underway and that many other species of birds, not previously recognized as threatened, are of conservation concern .     

苏北盆地玄武岩地质年龄及地层时代

本文以快中子活化（39Ar／40Ar）法、K—Ar法为主要手段．通过16个玄武岩样品地质年龄的测定和分析．首次建立了苏北盆地泰州组—盐城组玄武岩喷发年代时间剖面，并对各级段的界线年龄进行了修正。提出了白垩系和第三系的界线在泰州组与阜宁组之间．古新统与始新统界线在阜宁组—～二段和三～四段之间、始新统与渐统界线在三垛组一段和二段之间，本区缺失上渐新统地层。     

漕泾—柘林滩涂及近岸海域的生态调查及其评价

对杭州湾北岸漕泾－柘林滩涂及近岸海域的藻类，浮游动物，底栖动物，植被和鸟类进行生态综合调查，结果表明，中国绿螂是潜在可开发的生物资源；植被结构简单，是上海滩涂典型的芦苇，海三棱鹿草群落；鸟类主要为候鸟，大部分是长途越境迁徒的国际保护鸟类。     

北武夷地区前寒武系变质岩地球化学特征

通过对北武夷地区前寒武系变质岩的岩石化学、稀土元素及微量元素等综合研究 ,从中元古代铁沙街岩组、周潭岩组到晚震旦世至早寒武世万源组、洪山组、外管坑组 ,SiO2 、K2 O、K2 O/Na2 O等具有逐渐增大的趋势 ,而TiO2 、Al2 O3 、FeO、MgO、Na2 O及SiO2 /Al2 O3 则逐渐减小 ;ΣLREE/ΣHREE增加 ,而ΣREE总体具减小趋势 ;Sc、Ba、Rb、Cu、Cr等微量元素含量增大 ,而Ni、Th、U、Ta、Nb、Ga、Zr、Hf、V、Zn、Co等则减少。本文利用地球化学参数判别本区前寒武系岩石形成构造环境为被动大陆边缘。     

汉江流域及丹江口库区水环境质量现状分析

江汉是南水北调中线工程的源头，文章对江汉流域丹江口库区水环境状况及中线工程动工之后可能出现的问题作了分析，提出了区域水环境的保护规划。