Palaeorunoff estimations achieved from palaeoclimatic information for the southwest part of the North China Plain: an attempt to apply a climatological approach to palaeohydrology

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＲｕｎｏｆｆｉｓｔｈａｔｐａｒｔｏｆｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎｔｈａｔａｐｐｅａｒｓｉｎｓｕｒｆａｃｅｓｔｒｅａｍｓ (Ｌａｎｇｂｅｉｎ ,1949) .Ｉｔｓｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｆｒｏｍ ｐｌａｃｅｔｏｐｌａｃｅａｎｄｆｒｏｍｔｉｍｅｔｏｔｉｍｅａｒｅｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｌｙａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎ ｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎ .Ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ ,ａｓｉｔａｆｆｅｃｔｓｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｅｖａｐｏ ｔｒａｎｓｐｉｒ…     

闽北570铀矿区周围大气环境氡浓度水平研究

对闽北570铀矿区的大气氡环境地球化学进行了研究。矿区废渣和坑道口释放出来的氡气对周围大气形成了一定的氡污染,特别是在矿区周围0.5～1km范围内的污染较严重。但是空气中的氡污染随着离矿区的距离增大而迅速减弱,矿区周围居民室内氡的浓度较高,是福建省室内氡浓度平均值的1～8倍左右。在进行调查的28个居室中,有6个(占21%)居室内氡浓度超过我国住房内氡浓度控制标准GB/T16146-1995中已建住房的室内氡浓度上限值(200Bq/m3)和国际辐射防护委员会制定的200Bq/m3的上限值。居室中氡浓度的升高,除了受矿区释放出来的氡污染外,还因为本地区属高本底辐射区,房基下的土壤、岩石和建筑材料中的铀、镭等放射性元素的含量高,其放射性衰变产生的氡释放出来进入室内。     

Development of continental scale multimedia contaminant fate models: integrating GIS

The incentives and approaches for modelling chemical fate at a continental scale are discussed and reviewed. It is suggested that a multi-media model consisting of some 20-30 regions, each of which contains typically seven environmental compartments represents a reasonable compromise between the issues of the need for detailed resolution, avoidance of excessive data demands and inherent complexity and transparency. Strategies adopted in compiling the Berkley-Trent (BETR) model for North America are discussed and used to illustrate the issues of selecting appropriate number and nature of segments, treatment of air and water flows and the acquisition of environmental data. It is suggested that GIS software can play a valuable role in gathering and processing such data and in the display and interpretation of the results of the model assessment. The BETR model will be a useful tool for describing the nature of persistence and long-range transport of chemicals of concern in the North American environment.     

Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) Activity in Dab (Limanda limanda) as Biomarker for Marine Monitoring (6 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) is a well-accepted marker for biological effects in fish and is, therefore, part of numerous monitoring programmes. EROD activity was measured in livers of dab (Limanda limanda) from the German Bight (North Sea) from 1995 to 2003. The aim of the present long-term study was (a) time trend monitoring of EROD activity of dab from the German Bight and (b) to elucidate the needs for a successful application of EROD activity as an early warning system. Methods. EROD activities were determined fluorimetrically in dab liver microsomes, using resorufin as an external standard. The limit of detection (LD) and the limit of quantification (LQ) were calculated. Results were referred to protein concentrations. Results and Discussion. EROD activities of 610 female dab caught in different seasons between January 1995 and August 2003 were analyzed individually. Activities varied from 〈 LD to 1768 pmol/(min mg protein) and showed an annual cycle as well as significant differences between the years. Highest EROD activities were observed in early summer and lowest activities during the winter period. In autumn 2002, significantly elevated EROD activities were detected, possibly related to effects of the River Elbe flood event. Two scenarios with different EROD baseline data are presented to discuss the prerequisites for the use of EROD as a monitoring tool. The comparison of these scenarios underlines the importance of appropriate season-specific baseline data. Conclusion. The use of EROD as an early warning tool for contaminant effects in dab in the German Bight has different prospects during the year, because, due to the high background variability, elevated EROD activities are less easy to detect in spring/summer than during the remaining times of the year. Recommendation and Outlook. The availability of site-specific data on the EROD baseline level, its random variation and its annual cycle is a necessary prerequisite for monitoring. If monitoring is to be carried out only for a limited time period of the year, a season with low background variability in EROD activity (autumn) should be chosen to avoid the need for a compensation of the temperature-triggered shift in sexual cycles and the resulting changes in EROD activity.     

华北平原集约农区种植业生态经济系统的能值分析——以河北沧州为例

从能值的角度出发,以华北平原代表区域——河北省沧州地区2003年统计数据和调查数据为基础,对该地区种植业生态经济系统的能值投入和产出进行首次分析。结果显示:该地区不可更新的工业辅助能占总能值投入的78.5%,可更新的能值投入仅占21.4%(可更新环境资源8.79%、可更新有机12.68%),说明农业生产过渡依赖于外源不可更新辅助能的投入;此外,高系统太阳能值转换率、低净能值产出率和高环境负荷率的特点,表明该地区种植业的科技发展水平比较高,对环境的压力相当大。综合结果说明种植业系统对环境资源的过度利用必然会引起生态环境的破坏。基于此,提出华北平原集约农区种植业生态经济系统可持续发展对策:以优化施肥为基础,合理减少化肥投入为代表,适当降低工业辅助能投入;调整农业增产投入战略,努力解决该地区以水资源短缺为主的作物增产限制因子;改变农业生产中有机能值与无机能值的投入比例,降低系统环境负荷率。     

Sources and health risks of PM2.5-bound polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in a North China rural area

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are typical persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have high toxicity, bioaccumulation and long-distance transfer capability. Daily variation, sources of PCBs and OCPs in PM_2.5 are rarely explored in polluted rural area. Here, the sources and health risks of the PCBs and OCPs were evaluated for 48 PM_2.5 samples collected in winter 2017 in Wangdu, a heavy polluted rural area in the North China Plain. The average diurnal and nocturnal concentrations of Σ₁₈PCBs and Σ₁₅OCPs were 1.74-24.37 and 1.77-100.49, 11.67-408.81 and 16.89-865.60 pg/m³, respectively. Hexa-CBs and penta-CBs accounted for higher proportions (29.0% and 33.6%) of clean and polluted samples, respectively. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was the dominant contributor to OCPs with an average concentration of 116.17 pg/m³. Hexachlorocyclohexane (ΣHCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ΣDDTs) were the other two main classes in OCPs with the average concentrations of 4.33 and 15.89 pg/m³, respectively. β-HCH and p,p’-DDE were the main degradation products of HCHs and DDTs, respectively. The principal component analysis and characteristic ratio method indicated both waste incineration and industrial activities were the main sources of PCBs, contributing 76.8% and 12.7%, respectively. The loadings of OCPs were attributed to their application characteristics and the characteristic ratio method reflected a current or past use of OCPs. Health risk assessment showed that the respiratory exposure quantity of doxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) and the lifetime cancer risk from airborne OCPs exposure was negligible, while the other exposure modes may pose a risk to human bodies.     

Single and multiple stressor effect of road deicers and Cu on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) alevins from hatching till swim-up

Road salts are frequently used for deicing of roads in the Nordic countries. During snow-melt, the road run-off containing high concentrations of road salt and various metals such as Cu remobilized from sand, silt and dust may negatively influence organisms in downstream receiving water bodies. The present work focuses on the impact of road salt(NaCl) and Cu, separately and in mixtures on Atlantic salmon alevins from hatching till swim-up. The results showed that high road salt concentrations could induce a series of negative effects in alevins such as reduced growth, deformities, delayed swim-up and mortality. For alevins exposed to all tested road salt concentrations(100–1000 mg/L),mortality was significantly higher compared to control. In exposure to Cu solutions(5–20 μg Cu/L), no effects on growth, morphology, swim-up or mortality of alevins compared to control were observed. In mixture solutions(road salt and Cu), ultrafiltration of the exposure water demonstrated that only 20%–40% of Cu was present as positively charged low molecular mass(LMM) Cu species assumed to be bioavailable. When exposed to road salt and Cu mixtures, negative effects in alevins such as reduced growth, deformities,delayed swim-up and mortality were observed. The overall results indicated that the road salt application could seriously affect sensitive life stages of Atlantic salmon, and application of road salt should be avoided during the late winter–early spring period.     

Black beak tip coloration as a signal of phenotypic quality in a migratory seabird

Many different seabirds including terns have black color at the tip of their beak, but a yellow, orange, or red color of the rest of the beak. The tip of the beak of Arctic terns Sterna paradisaea is black, while the rest of the beak is deep red during the breeding season. We hypothesized that the black coloration of the tip of the beak is a reliable signal of phenotypic quality maintained by the costs of deposition of melanin. In this paper, we tested a number of predictions arising from this hypothesis. Consistent with the hypothesis, we found that (1) Arctic terns mated assortatively with respect to beak color score; (2) early breeding adults had larger beak color scores than late breeders; (3) clutch size was larger in adults with large beak color scores; (4) adults with a small beak color scores were more likely to die in the immediate future than individuals with large scores; and (5) beak color score was related to environmental conditions at the breeding grounds, as reflected by the North Atlantic Oscillation and the amount of fertilizer used in agriculture, and hence, leaking to coastal waters and environmental conditions at the Antarctic wintering areas as reflected by the Southern Oscillation. These findings suggest that beak color score provide reliable information about individual phenotypic quality.     

苏北农村主要水体氮磷污染及防治

由于大量使用化肥及排放各类污水已造成苏经农村主要水体搂磷严重污染，并具有氮素富营养型及水文期变化特征。防治污染的方法是采用一些针对性措施对污染严重水域进行直接治理；加强监测，掌握污染动态，推广测土配方的施肥技术；加强对各类污水的治理。     

Impact of dicyandiamide on emissions of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide and ammonia from agricultural field in the North China Plain

Nitrous oxide(N_2O), nitric oxide(NO) and ammonia(NH_3) emissions from an agricultural field in the North China Plain were compared for three treatments during a whole maize growing period from 26 June to 11 October, 2012. Compared with the control treatment(without fertilization, designated as CK), remarkable pulse emissions of N_2O, NO and NH_3 were observed from the normal fertilization treatment(designated as NP) just after fertilization, whereas only N_2O and NH_3 pulse emissions were evident from the nitrification inhibitor treatment(designated as ND). The reduction proportions of N_2O and NO emissions from the ND treatment compared to those from the NP treatment during the whole maize growing period were 31% and 100%, respectively. A measurable increase of NH_3 emission from the ND treatment was found with a cumulative NH_3 emission of 3.8 ± 1.2 kg N/ha,which was 1.4 times greater than that from the NP treatment(2.7 ± 0.7 kg N/ha).