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101.
Energy and Carbon Embodied in the International Trade of Brazil 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Tolmasquim M.T. Machado G. 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2003,8(2):139-155
Shifting the economicstructure of a country towardsenergy-intensive industries may lead tosignificant effect on the environment. Oneof the major environmental impactsassociated to such changes is the increaseof the Carbon Dioxide emissions – the mainfactor behind the greenhouse effect. In thelast decades, structural changes in theBrazilian economy were close related tochanges in the country's tradespecialization. This paper analyzes to whatextent energy use and its associatedCO2 emissions of Brazil in the 90's maybe overloaded by changes in the country'strade specialization towards a moreenergy-intensive mix. This study finds thatBrazil exported, in net terms, significantamounts of energy and carbon (C) embodied ingoods traded with the rest of the world inthe 90's. In fact, some 6.6% of the finalenergy used by the industrial sector andaround 7.1% of its C emissions areprompted by international trade. Byoverloading the country's energy use andits associated environmental damage (bothlocal and global), this situation seems tocontribute to increase not only local butalso global environmental damage, sinceC leakage from non-Annex I countriesdue to international trade may lead tohigher C concentration in theatmosphere. 相似文献
102.
Cairns Michael A. Winjum Jack K. Phillips Donald L. Kolchugina Tatyana P. Vinson Ted S. 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》1997,1(4):363-383
This research assessed land-use impacts on C flux at a national level in four countries: former Soviet Union, United States,
Mexico and Brazil, including biotic processes in terrestrial ecosystems (closed forests, woodlands, and croplands), harvest
of trees for wood and paper products, and direct C emission from fires. The terrestrial ecosystems of the four countries contain
approximately 40% of the world's terrestrial biosphere C pool, with the FSU alone having 27% of the global total. Average
phytomass C densities decreased from south to north while average soil C densities in all three vegetation types generally
increased from south to north. The C flux from land cover conversion was divided into a biotic component and a land-use component.
We estimate that the total net biotic flux (Tg/yr) was positive (= uptake) in the FSU (631) and the U.S. (332), but negative
in Mexico (−37) and Brazil (−16). In contrast, total flux from land use was negative (= emissions) in all four countries (TgC/yr):
FSU −343; U.S. −243; Mexico −35; and Brazil −235. The total net effect of the biotic and land-use factors was a C sink in
the FSU and the U.S. and a C source in both Brazil and Mexico.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
103.
APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL MEASURES FOR STREAM INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT IN SOUTH-EAST BRAZIL 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Silveira MP Baptista DF Buss DF Nessimian JL Egler M 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,101(1-3):117-128
The sensitivity of eleven metrics using macroinvertebrate assemblages were evaluated in an environmental gradient in a tropical river in south-east Brazil. Eight sites were sampled in an altitudinal range of 160–650 m.a.s.l. during 1999 (April and August) and 2000 (February). Four substrates were sampled at each site: riffle litter, pool litter, stony substrates and sediment. Correspondence Analysis indicated that assemblages were primarily more influenced by physical changes (like deforestation and erosion processes) than the water chemistry. The sensitivity of each metric was evaluated through the application of box-and-whisker plot method by its power to assess impairment (metrics should be able to discriminate reference sites from impaired sites) and natural variability (metrics should not discriminate two reference sites). Metrics that failed in at least one of the above premises were not considered as sensitive. In this study, the most sensitive metrics were Shannon index, BMWP-ASPT, %_EPT, and relative abundance of EPT to Chironomidae. 相似文献
104.
Maria Backhouse 《Journal of Land Use Science》2020,15(2-3):373-388
ABSTRACT This paper argues that new land conflict frontiers are emerging in the context of renewable energy production. The novel aspect of these frontiers is a ‘green’ framing of the use of land considered ‘degraded’, expressing it as a climate protection strategy, and consequently causing similar dynamics of conflict in different regions. With reference to political ecology debates on the notion of frontiers, we analyze the social conflicts over palm oil production for biodiesel and wind energy development in Brazil and Mexico, respectively. We show that green narratives, understood as forms of knowledge production concerning the protection of the climate and sustainable development, not only represent legitimization strategies for new land grabs, but also come with their own dynamics of social conflict and their own constellations of actors. 相似文献
105.
Fernando M. Lanças Igor R. B. Olivares Priscila M. Alves 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):491-498
In this work the development, validation and application of method using Solid Phase Microexctration (SPME) for the analyses of five pollutants (phenol, 2-nitrophenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-chloro, 3-methyl phenol) in supplying water, using gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detector (FID) is described. The optimal conditions obtained for SPME were: fiber type: Poliacrylate (PA); extraction time: 40 minutes; extraction temperature: 70°C; amount of salt added to sample (NaCl): 15%; desorption temperature: 8 minutes. The parameters studied in the method validation were: limit of detection (0.3 and 3.5 μ g.L? 1); precision, measured by the variation coefficient (between 2.1 and 8.8%); calibration curve and linearity, by using the external standardization method (between 1 and 50 50 μ g.L? 1). After the methodology development, samples of water collected in Atibaia River (São Paulo - Brazil) were analyzed, using the optimized methodology. Three water samples collected in the rain season showed a peak with retention time close to 4-chloro, 3 methyl phenol further analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the identity confirmation. In spite of the fact that none target compounds were found in the river water samples analyzed, the presence of two phenols different from those investigated (p-terc butyl phenol; butylated hydroxytoluene) were detected. These results together with the results of the limit of detection (that showed to be lower than the maximum concentration of phenols demanded by different environment control agencies), and the results of the validation, indicate the applicability of this method for the analysis of selected phenols in river water samples. 相似文献
106.
Uta Berger Marion Glaser Boris Koch Gesche Krause Rubén Lara Ulrich Saint-Paul Dirk Schories Matthias Wolff 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1999,5(2):125-134
The main objective of the MADAM project (Mangrove Dynamics and Management) is to generate the scientific basis enabling the
sustainable stewardship of the resources of the Caeté mangrove estuary in Northeast Brazil in the sense of integrated coastal
(zone) management. To achieve this, it is necessary to acquire in-depth knowledge of natural processes as well as of the relevant
institutional, cultural, economic, social and political dynamics. Causal linkages within the ecosystem, as well as between
ecosystem, economy and society, are analysed and explained via dynamic and trophic modelling. Scenario construction is intended
to forecast the effects of acute or chronic interference on utilized resources, and to answer wider, management-related questions
(e.g. restoration of destroyed areas, utilization potential for aquaculture). This paper describes the project strategy as
developed and modified in the context of research results from the initial 2-yr project phase. It is argued that a continuous
discussion process is essential to assess the validity of the strategies formulated at the beginning of a medium-time project,
particularly if the project is of interdisciplinary nature. 相似文献
107.
Luz Fernández Candela de la Sota José Celio Silveira Andrade Julio Lumbreras Javier Mazorra 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2014,21(3):246-258
In recent years, the concept of sustainable development (SD) has become increasingly recognized and important. Within organizations, SD is often portrayed as a balancing act and requires a combination of three elements to be considered: economy, environment, and society. Traditionally, organizational management research has been focused on economical and environmental fronts. However, social aspects are also important for organizations, especially those in emerging and developing countries. The goal of this article is to investigate the potential of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects to deliver social benefits in Brazil’s hydroelectricity sector. The investigation involved the assessment of 46 registered hydro CDM projects under the Kyoto Protocol in terms of their potential impact on the envisaged social development goals. Two case studies were also examined. Results indicate that organizations managing hydroelectric initiatives in Brazil can provide the pathway toward achieving a number of important social benefits. Successful projects were found to have good community involvement and were managed by both cooperative ventures and money-making corporations. The research also identified several challenges that are hindering hydro CDM projects from delivering more social benefits and enabled a number of recommendations to be extracted for the organizations facing these challenges. 相似文献
108.
Antonio Edson Leite Rosani De Castro Mário Otávio Batalha Kannan Govindan 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2013,20(5):422-429
The objective of this study is to identify the adoption level of practices associated with more sustainable agriculture and environmentally friendly practices. Additionally, the motivations for and barriers to the adoption of these practices by farmers are investigated. Data were collected through closed questionnaires taken by a random sample of farmers in the Southwest, São Paulo, Brazil, during the second half of 2013. Overall, sustainable agricultural practices recommended in the literature and analysed in this study are being not fully adopted by farmers of the studied area. The results showed that financial motivation is associated with farmers adopting new, more sustainable technology, whereas the lack of information on and lack of technical support for these technologies are significant barriers. Other results, research implications, limitations and suggestions for future research are presented. 相似文献
109.
110.
Dorneles PR Lailson-Brito J Fernandez MA Vidal LG Barbosa LA Azevedo AF Fragoso AB Torres JP Malm O 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):1268-1276
In Brazil, there is no restriction to the use of organotins (OTs). Previous investigations have shown that hepatic ∑Sn in cetaceans is predominantly organic. Hepatic ∑Sn concentrations were determined by GFAAS in 67 cetaceans (13 species) that stranded on Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and Espirito Santo (ES) states. Concentrations (in ng/g wet wt.) of marine tucuxis (n = 20) from the highly contaminated Guanabara Bay (in RJ) varied from 1703 to 9638. Concentrations of three marine tucuxi foetuses and one newborn calf (all from Guanabara Bay) varied between 431 and 2107. Contrastingly, the maximum level among 19 oceanic dolphins was 346, and 15 out of these 19 specimens presented concentrations below detection limit. The levels of Sn in six marine tucuxis from a less contaminated area (ES) varied from below detection limit to 744. Comparing to the literature, coastal cetaceans from Brazil appear to be highly exposed to OTs. 相似文献