Effects of field-applied composted cattle manure and chemical fertilizer on ammonia and particulate ammonium exchanges at an upland field

The present study aimed to investigate the NH₃ volatilization loss from field-applied compost and chemical fertilizer and evaluate the atmosphere–land exchange of NH₃ and particulate NH₄⁺ (pNH₄) at an upland field with volcanic ash soil (Andosol) in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Two-step basal fertilization was conducted on the bare soil surface. First, a moderately fermented compost of cattle manure was applied by surface incorporation (mixing depth, 0–15 cm) at a rate of 117 kg N ha⁻¹ as total nitrogen (T-N) corresponding to 9.9 kg N ha⁻¹ as ammoniacal nitrogen (NH₄–N). Twelve days later, a chemical fertilizer containing 10% (w/w) of NH₄–N as a mixture of ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphates was applied by row placement (cover depth, 3 cm) at a rate of 100 kg N ha⁻¹ as NH₄–N. The study period was divided into the first-half, beginning after the compost application (CCM period), and the second-half, beginning after the chemical fertilizer application (CF period). The mean air concentrations of NH₃ and pNH₄ (1.5 m height) were 7.6 and 3.0 μg N m⁻³, respectively, in the CCM period; the values were 3.7 and 3.9 μg N m⁻³, respectively, in the CF period. The composition ratios of NH₃ to the sum of NH₃ and pNH₄ (1.5 m height) were 72% and 49% in the CCM and CF periods, respectively. The NH₃ volatilization loss from the compost was 0.8% of the applied T-N (or 9.3% of the applied NH₄–N) and that from the chemical fertilizer was near zero. Excluding the period immediately after the compost application, the upland field acted as a net sink for NH₃ and pNH₄.     

Heavy metal pollution status in surface sediments of Swan Lake lagoon and Rongcheng Bay in the northern Yellow Sea

The national ‘Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone Development Plan’ compels the further understanding of the distribution and potential risk of metals pollution in the east coast of China, where the rapid economic and urban development have been taken off and metal pollution has become a noticeable problem. Surface sediments collected from the largest swan habitat in Asia, the Swan Lake lagoon and the surrounding coastal area in Rongcheng Bay in northern Yellow Sea, were analyzed for the total metal concentrations and chemical phase partitioning of five heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cr). Metal contents in the studied region have increased significantly in the past decade. The speciation analyzed by the sequential extraction showed that Zn and Cr were present dominantly in the residual fraction and thus of low bioavailability, while Cd, Pb and Cu were found mostly in the non-residual fraction thus of high potential availability, indicating significant anthropogenic sources. Among the five metals, Cd is the most outstanding pollutant and presents high risk, and half of the surface sediments in the studied region had a 21% probability of toxicity based on the mean Effect Range-Median Quotient. At some stations with comparable total metal contents, remarkably different non-residual fraction portions were determined, pointing out that site-specific risk assessment integrating speciation is crucial for better management practices of coastal sediments.     

基于GWR模型的天山北坡经济带PM2.5浓度反演及时空特征分析

构建PM_(2.5)浓度与相关因子的关系模型已成为获取干旱区经济带连续变化PM_(2.5)浓度数据的有效手段之一。本文以天山北坡经济带为研究对象,基于PM_(2.5)浓度监测数据、中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)的气溶胶光学厚度数据(aerosol optical depth,AOD)和气象数据,利用地理加权回归模型(geographically weighted regression,GWR)反演了研究区2018年3～11月PM_(2.5)浓度,进而分析其时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)相比多元回归模型(multiple linear regression,MLR),GWR模型在天山北坡经济带的PM_(2.5)浓度反演效果更优,决定系数R2、平均绝对误差MAE和均方根误差RMSE分别为0.897、4.569μg/m~3和5.627μg/m~3,明显优于MLR模型的0.819、5.825μg/m~3和7.731μg/m~3;(2)天山北坡经济带PM_(2.5)浓度在月尺度上呈"凹字型"变化特征,其中11月最高,达到59.50μg/m~3,3月和10月次之,9月最低,仅为17.92μg/m~3;在季节尺度上表现出秋季(9～11月)春季(3～5月)夏季(6～8月)的变化特征,其中春季呈波动下降趋势,夏季总体维持在较低水平,秋季呈急剧上升趋势;(3)在空间分布上,研究区PM_(2.5)浓度呈现出"东高西低"的特征,峰值出现在乌鲁木齐附近,说明经济带东部地区PM_(2.5)污染相对严重,尤其是乌鲁木齐。     

自然正交函数在华北地震能量场分析中的应用

运用随机函数理论,将华北地区地震活动能量场看作时间和空间的随机函数,用自然正交函数展开方法,研究地震活动区内主要典型能量场的时间权重系数变化曲线,以及该典型能量场的空间等值线分布。研究发现,在研究区内,多数中强地震前,目标曲线较大幅度的升、降变化,预示了可能发生中强地震的时间段,而目标等值线分布的疏密变化,揭示了可能发生中强地震的区域。本文研究证实,地震能量随机场的自然正交函数展开方法,是一种值得探索的地震分析预测方法。     

北运河流域沙河水库的浮游生物群落特征分析

北运河是北京市最重要的排水河道,近年来流域综合治理工作使得其生态环境逐步得到改善.为掌握北运河生态环境的改善状况,本研究于2018年5月-2019年7月基于北运河上游重要节点的沙河水库开展了水生态调查,并通过文献调研,系统对比了近年来北运河水质改善状况.实地调查结果发现,沙河库区及其上下游(以下简称为沙河)浮游植物的主...     

传统平原农区乡村多元分化与新型城乡形态建设路径研究

构建新型城乡形态是推进城乡融合的重要着力点。基于产业结构专门化水平和乡村性指数的定量测度,对苏北地区县域乡村类型及差异化城乡形态建设路径进行了探索。结果表明:苏北地区农业主导型、工业主导型、商旅服务型和均衡发展型县域分别占12%、16%、12%和60%;弱乡村性县域呈分散组团分布,中等乡村性县域沿淮河生态经济走廊呈东西轴向延伸,强乡村性县域边缘性特征明显。据此,从现代农业发展、新型工业支撑、生态绿色创新、"三产"融合互动等方面提出新型城乡形态建设路径。