FLUVIAL SEDIMENT STORAGE IN WETLANDS1

ABSTRACT: The important ecological and hydrological roles of wetlands are widely recognized, but the geomorphic functions of wetlands are also critical. Wetlands can be defined in geomorphic, as well as in hydrological or biological terms, and a geomorphic definition of wetlands is proposed. An analysis of fluvial sediment budget studies shows that wetlands typically serve as short-term sediment sinks or longer-term sediment storage sites. In ten study basins of various sizes, an estimated 14 to 58 percent of the total upland sediment production is stored in alluvial wetland or other aquatic environments. Of the sediment reaching streams, 29 to 93 percent is stored in alluvial wetland or channel environments. For basins of more than 100 km², more than 15 percent of total upland sediment production and more than 50 percent of sediment reaching streams is deposited in wetlands. The data underestimates the magnitude of wetland sediment storage due to the lack of data from large river systems. A theoretical analysis of river channel sediment delivery shows that wetland and aquatic sediment storage is inevitable in fluvial systems and systematically related to basin size. Results suggest that wetlands should be managed in the context of drainage basins, rather than as discrete, independent units.     

REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS AFFECTING AQUIFER THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE1

ABSTRACT: Thermal energy storage involves the capture and storage of thermal energy (either heat or chill) during one time period for use at a later period. Storage of thermal energy in aquifers on a seasonal basis is one promising application of the technology that has been implemented in several foreign countries and is currently undergoing field testing in the U.S. Potential developers of aquifer thermal energy storage projects will face a number of regulatory requirements at the federal, state, and local level of government. These can include meeting: (1) surface land and ground water use restrictions, (2) regulations relating to withdrawal of ground water, and (3) requirements for reinjecting thermally altered ground waters. Separate permits for ground water withdrawal and reinjection may be required. The permit process is likely to involve opportunities for public comment and may involve contested proceedings.     

桉树人工林生态系统养分循环与平衡研究Ⅰ. 桉树人工林生态系统的养分贮存

采用田间试验和定位方法，在标准样地中研究养分的输入、输出和贮存。桉树人工林生态系统的养分贮存，包括土壤、桉树林分和凋落物三者贮存的养分。在田间试验的基础上，获得了大量的分析数据。论述了刚果W5桉树人工林生态系统土壤养分的贮存量、林分的养分贮存量和凋落物层的养分贮存量以及上述分系统内大、中量元素的含量比例。土壤养分的贮存量，全量养分以K最多，其次为N、P；有效养分贮存量大小的顺序为N，K，Ca，P，Mg，Mn，Zn，Cu，B。桉树林分的总养分贮存量，是逐年增加的，但以第2年的增量最大；各元素贮量大小，则每年不同。凋落物层的养分贮存量，总体上逐年增长，但以第4年最多；各元素贮存量大小的顺序为N，Ca，Mg，K，P。这些结果，对于指导桉树施肥，有重要的参考价值。     

热空气处理对荔枝生理特性和贮藏效果的影响

以黑叶荔枝为材料,以成熟季节的大气平均温度[θ=(30±1.5)℃]为基础,研究35℃、38℃热空气分别处理6 h、12 h和24 h对果实生理特性与贮藏效果的影响.与CK相比,温度升幅增大或处理时间延长,显著提高果皮多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、果皮过氧化物酶(POD)活性、果实呼吸速率、果皮丙二醛(MDA)含量和果皮质膜相对透性,显著降低果肉可溶性固形物(SS)含量、果肉可滴定酸(TA)含量、果皮花色素苷含量和好果率.POD活性和MDA含量可作为果实生理活性的指标.图6表2参10     

Frontier science and challenges on offshore carbon storage

● The main direct seal up carbon options and challenges are reviewed. ● Ocean-based CO₂ replacement for CH₄/oil exploitation is presented. ● Scale-advantage of offshore CCS hub is discussed. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is an imperative, strategic, and constitutive method to considerably reduce anthropogenic CO₂ emissions and alleviate climate change issues. The ocean is the largest active carbon bank and an essential energy source on the Earth’s surface. Compared to oceanic nature-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR), carbon capture from point sources with ocean storage is more appropriate for solving short-term climate change problems. This review focuses on the recent state-of-the-art developments in offshore carbon storage. It first discusses the current status and development prospects of CCS, associated with the challenges and uncertainties of oceanic nature-based CDR. The second section outlines the mechanisms, sites, advantages, and ecologic hazards of direct offshore CO₂ injection. The third section emphasizes the mechanisms, schemes, influencing factors, and recovery efficiency of ocean-based CO₂-CH₄ replacement and CO₂-enhanced oil recovery are reviewed. In addition, this review discusses the economic aspects of offshore CCS and the preponderance of offshore CCS hubs. Finally, the upsides, limitations, and prospects for further investigation of offshore CO₂ storage are presented.     

Nuclear Wastes in the Arctic Ocean. the Consequences of Past Dumping and Opportunities for Future Prevention

The view is expressed that the assessment of disposal of nuclear waste in the ocean (specifically the Arctic and Kara Seas) is critical to understanding Arctic pollution. Much needs to be done in deciding what we should do, even though many wastes are long-standing and persistent. in 1993, disclosures about Russian dumping of submarine nuclear reactors, nuclear fuel, and other radioactive wastes into the Arctic Ocean brought this region and its problems into the world spotlight and raised public concerns about the resulting health and environmental risks. As a result of this concern, the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment published a 1995 study, Nuclear Wastes in the Arctic (US Congress Office of Technology Assessment, 1995). This paper summarises and updates that study.     

城市化过程及其绿地储碳研究——以上海“城-郊-乡”样带为例

城市化会影响城市生态系统的结构和功能,基于航空遥感影像,选取了上海市典型的"城-郊-乡"样带,利用地理信息系统(ArcGIS9.3)和景观格局分析(Frastates3.3)软件,选用6个城市化指标,基于主成分分析(PCA)和多元线性回归分析,在对研究区域城市化水平进行评估的基础上,结合植物相关生长方程和城市绿地冠层面积,对研究区域绿地系统碳储量的空间分异性进行研究。结果表明:(1)所选用的城市化物理指标和景观指数,能够快速地用于评估城市化水平;(2)"城-郊-乡"样带上,总的碳储量为4 475 410.7 Mg C,碳密度为71.1Mg C/hm2;(3)城市绿地系统碳储量空间分异性明显,绿地碳储量大小表现为城市化水平高的市中心、城市化水平相对较高的郊区以及城市化水平最低的乡村依次升高,主要原因是由于市中心绿地分散且面积较小,而在农村和郊区其面积较大的生产绿地较多。     

Methane emissions during storage of different treatments from cattle manure in Tianjin

Many studies on methane emissions from animal manure have revealed that animal manure is a major source of methane emissions to the atmosphere that can have negative consequences for people,animals and environment.In general,the release of methane can be influenced by the type of feed taken by animals,temperature,manure characteristics and so on.This study aimed at quantifying and comparing methane release from dairy manure with different piling treatments.Four treatments were designed including manure piling height 30,45,60 cm and adding 6 cm manure every day until the piling height was 60 cm.Static chamber method and gas chromatography were adopted to measure the methane emissions from April to June in 2009.Methane emission rates of all four manure treatments were low in the first week and then increased sharply until reaching the peak values.Subsequently,all the methane emission rates decreased and fluctuated within the steady range till the end of the experiment.Wilcoxon nonparametric tests analysis indicated that methane emission rate was greatly influenced by manure piling height and manner.There were no significant relationships between methane emission rates and the temperatures of ambience and heap.However,regression analysis showed that the quadratic equations were found between emission rates of all treatments and the gas temperature in the barrels.     

温度及时间对污泥和餐厨垃圾保存特性的影响

为确定污泥和餐厨垃圾在不同条件下的保存期限,以夏、冬季取样的污泥和餐厨垃圾为研究对象,考察了其在4、20、和35 ℃条件下自身理化性质随保存时间的变化情况。通过总糖、总蛋白质、NH₃-N、pH和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)等理化指标和乳酸、乙酸等有机酸的变化规律确定其最佳保存期限。结果表明,在污泥保存过程中,总糖、总蛋白质表现为下降趋势,NH₃-N和pH则持续上升,整体表现为随着保存温度的升高,总糖、总蛋白质、NH₃-N和pH的上升和下降趋势更加明显;餐厨垃圾在各保存条件下均出现明显的变质酸化现象,其中,乳酸为最主要有机酸。冬季和夏季取样污泥在4 ℃环境中分别可以保存30 d和15 d;对于餐厨垃圾,冬季取样时可在4 ℃环境中保存1 d,而在其他情况下均达不到理想的保存效果。     

A tool to aid emergency managers and communities in appraising private dam safety and policy

Issues concerning dam safety and equitable sharing of catchment run-off are receiving more attention throughout the world. This paper assesses these matters in the context of Australia, and the need for policy responses. Landholders often overlook the common law obligation to review/design dams to current standards because of high costs, leaving them vulnerable to litigation if their dam fails. The paper reports on an innovative spillway design/review procedure, applicable to southeast Australia, but transferable to any region worldwide. Dam safety policy models and guidelines derived from international best practice are linked to the procedure and intended to aid government decision-making. The procedure minimises costs to landholders and provides an acceptable level of safety assurance to downstream communities. Also discussed are recent surveys testing community attitudes to the procedure and implemented dam safety and water allocation policies. These further guide any government wanting to implement this'integrated engineering and community partnerships'approach to preventing potential disasters due to private dam failure and achieving sustainable and safe water storage and use.