变电站内危险废物临时贮存现状及设计探讨

变电站内主要危险废物为废矿物油、含矿物油废物,以及废铅酸蓄电池。结合危险废物临时贮存管理要求,分析了变电站内危险废物贮存现状及存在的环保问题。从环境保护角度提出了危险废物临时贮存设施事故油池、危废贮存间设计建议。     

储罐爆炸抛射碎片对目标储罐的破坏概率研究

化工储罐爆炸产生的抛射碎片击中并破坏相邻罐体后,将引发多米诺效应。N guyen破坏概率模型认为,当罐壳受撞击后,残余壁厚小于某个临界值时就会被破坏,并假设该临界残余壁厚为定值,存在不合理之处。本文基于储罐壳体损失面积安全评价方法AP I 579,把撞击形成的复杂凹坑简化为圆锥形,分别针对圆柱储罐、球罐推导出圆锥形凹坑剩余强度系数的求解方法,并根据塑性失效理论确定了罐壳的临界剩余强度系数,由此建立了新的破坏准则。在此基础上,采用蒙特卡罗法进行模拟,建立了新的爆炸碎片对目标储罐的破坏概率模型,与N guyen模型相比,得出的破坏概率偏大,结果更为安全保守。通过对剩余强度系数与无量纲撞击深度和凹坑锥角的变化关系进行分析,证明N guyen模型中临界残余壁厚为定值的假设并不合理,而新的基于剩余强度系数计算的破坏概率更为准确合理。     

CO2地质储存泄露安全风险评价方法初探

CO2地质储存作为一项有效、直接的碳减排技术,本质上属于环保型工程项目。在总结国内外已有的风险评价方法的基础上,结合CO2地质储存机理及工作属性,借鉴国际风险评价经验,以及我国核废料、一般工业固体废弃物填埋等类似工程项目风险评价工作方法,对适用于我国的CO2地质储存安全风险评价的定义进行了探讨,并将CO2地质储存泄露风险评价分为风险评价、风险评估与风险控制三部分内容。通过CO2地质储存泄露通道及泄露后可能产生的环境危害分析,建立了由地质因素、工程单元因素、施工因素及其它因素四个风险因子指标层及其亚层组成的CO2地质储存泄露的安全风险层次指标体系,初步提出了风险评估方法以及CO2泄露可接受的安全风险标准;最后根据CO2地质储存泄露风险提出了不同风险的控制方法及建议,对CO2地质储存场地选址中的安全风险评价、工程实施及监测具有一定意义。     

中储式煤粉锅炉燃烧优化调整试验研究

为提高电厂锅炉燃煤煤质变差后锅炉运行的经济性,进行了燃烧优化调整试验,通过比较飞灰可燃物含量、锅炉热效率、排烟温度、制粉系统耗电率重新确定了制粉系统最佳出力下的经济煤粉细度,分析了制粉系统运行方式、二次风配风方式、过量空气系数、燃煤配比对锅炉运行经济性的影响,提出了锅炉更经济的运行工况。     

Modelling of CO2 arrival time at Ketzin – Part I

The injection of CO₂ at the Ketzin storage site and the chemical detection of its arrival in the observation well allowed testing of different numerical simulation codes. ECLIPSE 100 (E100, black-oil simulator), ECLIPSE 300 (E300, compositional CO₂STORE) and MUFTE-UG were used for predictive modelling applying a constant injection rate of 1 kg s^?1 CO₂ and for a history match applying the actual variable injection rate which ranged from 0 to 0.7 kg s^?1 and averaged 0.23 kg s^?1. The geological model applied, is based on all available geophysical and geological information and has been the same for all programs.The results of the constant injection regime show a good agreement among the programs with a discrepancy of 21–33% for the CO₂ arrival times. However, it is determined from the comparison of the cumulative mass of CO₂ at the time of CO₂ arrival that the injection regime is an important factor for the accurate prediction of CO₂ migration within a saline aquifer. Comparing the actual variable injection regime with the simulations applying a constant injection rate the results are relatively inaccurate.Regarding the actual variable injection regime, which was evaluated using all three simulators, the computational results show a good agreement with the data actually measured at the first observation well. Here, the calculated arrival times exceeded the actual ones by 8.1% (E100), 9.2% (E300) and 17.7% (MUFTE-UG).It can be concluded that irrespective of the deviations of the simulations, due to combinations of different codes and slight differences in input parameters, all three programs are well equipped to give a reliable estimate of the arrival of CO₂. Deviations in the results mainly occur due to different input data and grid size choices done by the different modelling teams working independently of each other. Deviations of the simulations results compared to the actual CO₂ arrival time result from uncertainties in the implementation of the geological model, which was set up based on well log data and analogue studies.     

Lessons learned from natural and industrial analogues for storage of carbon dioxide

The deployment of CCS (carbon capture and storage) at industrial scale implies the development of effective monitoring tools. Noble gases are tracers usually proposed to track CO₂. This methodology, combined with the geochemistry of carbon isotopes, has been tested on available analogues.At first, gases from natural analogues were sampled in the Colorado Plateau and in the French carbogaseous provinces, in both well-confined and leaking-sites. Second, we performed a 2-years tracing experience on an underground natural gas storage, sampling gas each month during injection and withdrawal periods.In natural analogues, the geochemical fingerprints are dependent on the containment criterion and on the geological context, giving tools to detect a leakage of deep-CO₂ toward surface. This study also provides information on the origin of CO₂, as well as residence time of fluids within the crust and clues on the physico-chemical processes occurring during the geological story.The study on the industrial analogue demonstrates the feasibility of using noble gases as tracers of CO₂. Withdrawn gases follow geochemical trends coherent with mixing processes between injected gas end-members. Physico-chemical processes revealed by the tracing occur at transient state.These two complementary studies proved the interest of geochemical monitoring to survey the CO₂ behaviour, and gave information on its use.     

A tool to aid emergency managers and communities in appraising private dam safety and policy

Issues concerning dam safety and equitable sharing of catchment run-off are receiving more attention throughout the world. This paper assesses these matters in the context of Australia, and the need for policy responses. Landholders often overlook the common law obligation to review/design dams to current standards because of high costs, leaving them vulnerable to litigation if their dam fails. The paper reports on an innovative spillway design/review procedure, applicable to southeast Australia, but transferable to any region worldwide. Dam safety policy models and guidelines derived from international best practice are linked to the procedure and intended to aid government decision-making. The procedure minimises costs to landholders and provides an acceptable level of safety assurance to downstream communities. Also discussed are recent surveys testing community attitudes to the procedure and implemented dam safety and water allocation policies. These further guide any government wanting to implement this'integrated engineering and community partnerships'approach to preventing potential disasters due to private dam failure and achieving sustainable and safe water storage and use.     

三峡工程一期蓄水后长江口及其邻近海域悬浮物浓度分布特征

长江三峡工程一期蓄水自2003-06-01开始,到2003-06-10结束.为了研究长江三峡工程蓄水对长江口环境的影响,在2003-06-15～2003-06-25进行了长江口及其邻近海域环境综合调查.根据此次调查所取得的实测数据资料,计算了各站各层位的悬浮物浓度,结合相应水体的盐度值和温度值,分析了长江口及其邻近海域悬浮物浓度的分布特征以及蓄水前后悬浮物浓度与分布格局的变化.结果表明,长江口及其邻近海域悬浮物浓度自海水表面向海底逐渐增高,悬浮物主要分布在123°E以西的口门地区和近岸的狭长海区.三峡工程一期蓄水后与蓄水前长江口多年平均含沙量相比,长江航道和南支地区悬浮物浓度明显下降,长江航道徐六泾附近地区悬浮物浓度从蓄水前的400～500 mg/L下降到蓄水后的60.2 mg/L,南支地区悬浮物浓度从蓄水前的445 mg/L下降到蓄水后的148 mg/L;长江口邻近海域悬浮物浓度变化不明显,蓄水前后均为表层悬浮物浓度小于10mg/L,底层悬浮物浓度小于100 mg/L.蓄水前后整个研究区悬浮物浓度分布的总体格局相似.     

贮油罐区防火水幕模拟实验研究

本文通过对贮油罐区防火水幕冷态和模拟实验数据的分析比较,讨论了设计防火隔热水幕的形式方式,水幕喷头的结构选型等重要参数。     

Sensitivity of protective barrier performance to changes in rainfall rate

Single- or multi-layered surface barriers are used for protecting the underlying hazardous or radioactive waste storage facility and for reducing the risk of dispersion of contaminants to the ground water. To assess the effect of variations in net rainfall rate (total rainfall minus evapotranspiration) on the hydraulic response of a multi-layered barrier, a series of flow simulations were performed. Water fluxes in different layers of the barrier were numerically calculated for three net rainfall rates, i.e. 0.0255, 0.0742, and 0.141 cm/day. These rates correspond to dry, average, and wet climatological conditions in Belgium. Results show that for dry conditions, almost 45% of the water infiltrating the top of the barrier is laterally evacuated. When the net rainfall rate increases from 0.0255 to 0.0742 cm/day, more water is being laterally diverted, and only 22% of the applied rainfall percolates through the barrier. If the rainfall rate is increased from 0.0255 to 0.141 cm/day, the percolation becomes 14% of the applied rainfall. This indicates that fluxes leaving the bottom of the repository increase only slightly, although the rainfall rate for wet conditions is approximately 5 times larger than for dry conditions. Under dry conditions a slightly negative pressure develops in the bottom of the low-permeability clay layer. However, this desaturation does not affect the integrity of the clay.