Preparation of FexCe1-xOy solid solution and its application in Pd-only three-way catalysts

FeO_x-CeO₂ mixed oxides with increasing Fe/(Ce+Fe) atomic ratio (1-20 mol%) were prepared by sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) techniques. The dynamic oxygen storage capacity (DOSC) was investigated by mass spectrometry with CO/O₂ transient pulses. The powder XRD data following Rietveld refinement revealed that the solubility limit of iron oxides in the CeO₂ was 5 mol% based on Fe/(Ce+Fe). The lattice parameters experienced a decrease followed by an increase due to the influence of the maximum solubility limit of iron oxides in the CeO₂. TPR analysis revealed that Fe introduction into ceria strongly modified the textual and structural properties, which influenced the oxygen handling properties. DOSC results revealed that Ce-based materials containing Fe oxides with multiple valences contribute to the majority of DOSC. The kinetic analysis indicated that the calculated apparent kinetic parameters obey the compensation effect. The three-way catalytic performance for Pd-only catalysts based on the Fe doping support exhibited the redundant iron species separated out of the CeO₂ and interacted with the ceria and Pd species on the surface, which seriously influenced the catalytic properties, especially after hydrothermal aging treatment.     

伊乐藻-高效脱氮微生物协同作用对污染水体氮素脱除机制的影响

在入贡湖河道亲水河采集上覆水、伊乐藻及底泥柱芯样品进行室内实验,探究伊乐藻与固定化高效脱氮微生物协同作用下脱除铵态氮的机制,以及对污染水体的生态修复效果.运用~(15)N同位素配对技术及高通量测序技术,研究了4个不同处理组中NH_4~+的转化机制,其中,处理组A:裸泥组,处理组B:固定化高效脱氮微生物,处理组C:伊乐藻,处理组D:固定化高效脱氮微生物+伊乐藻.结果表明,氮素脱除主要有底泥存储、伊乐藻吸收及微生物过程(反硝化和厌氧氨氧化)这3种途径.在添加沉水植物伊乐藻的处理组C和D中,伊乐藻对~(15)NH_4~+吸收率分别为25.44%和19.79%.不同处理组中底泥对~(15)NH_4~+存储率分别为7.94%、5.52%、6.47%和4.86%,微生物过程以气体形式释放的~(15)NH_4~+分别为16.06%、28.86%、16.93%和33.09%.反硝化和厌氧氨氧化是产生含氮素气体的主要过程,对于处理组D,脱氮微生物丰度和多样性均得到不同程度的提升.4个不同处理组对~(15)NH_4~+的总去除率分别为24%、34.38%、48.84%和57.74%,伊乐藻与高效脱氮微生物联用技术(EINCB)的应用,可以提高水体氮素的脱除速率,促进污染水体的净化.     

填料对ANAMMOX污泥活性恢复的影响及菌群特征

为实现室温下长期储存的厌氧氨氧化污泥的活性快速恢复,采用3组反应器分别对在室温(15～30℃)且无基质的条件下储存9个月的厌氧氨氧化污泥进行活性恢复,其中R2和R3反应器分别添加彗星纤维填料和K3填料作为生物载体,探究不同填料添加对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性恢复速率的影响.结果表明,R2和R3反应器分别在第8 d和第10 d开...     

A tool to aid emergency managers and communities in appraising private dam safety and policy

Issues concerning dam safety and equitable sharing of catchment run-off are receiving more attention throughout the world. This paper assesses these matters in the context of Australia, and the need for policy responses. Landholders often overlook the common law obligation to review/design dams to current standards because of high costs, leaving them vulnerable to litigation if their dam fails. The paper reports on an innovative spillway design/review procedure, applicable to southeast Australia, but transferable to any region worldwide. Dam safety policy models and guidelines derived from international best practice are linked to the procedure and intended to aid government decision-making. The procedure minimises costs to landholders and provides an acceptable level of safety assurance to downstream communities. Also discussed are recent surveys testing community attitudes to the procedure and implemented dam safety and water allocation policies. These further guide any government wanting to implement this'integrated engineering and community partnerships'approach to preventing potential disasters due to private dam failure and achieving sustainable and safe water storage and use.     

三峡工程一期蓄水后长江口及其邻近海域悬浮物浓度分布特征

长江三峡工程一期蓄水自2003-06-01开始,到2003-06-10结束.为了研究长江三峡工程蓄水对长江口环境的影响,在2003-06-15～2003-06-25进行了长江口及其邻近海域环境综合调查.根据此次调查所取得的实测数据资料,计算了各站各层位的悬浮物浓度,结合相应水体的盐度值和温度值,分析了长江口及其邻近海域悬浮物浓度的分布特征以及蓄水前后悬浮物浓度与分布格局的变化.结果表明,长江口及其邻近海域悬浮物浓度自海水表面向海底逐渐增高,悬浮物主要分布在123°E以西的口门地区和近岸的狭长海区.三峡工程一期蓄水后与蓄水前长江口多年平均含沙量相比,长江航道和南支地区悬浮物浓度明显下降,长江航道徐六泾附近地区悬浮物浓度从蓄水前的400～500 mg/L下降到蓄水后的60.2 mg/L,南支地区悬浮物浓度从蓄水前的445 mg/L下降到蓄水后的148 mg/L;长江口邻近海域悬浮物浓度变化不明显,蓄水前后均为表层悬浮物浓度小于10mg/L,底层悬浮物浓度小于100 mg/L.蓄水前后整个研究区悬浮物浓度分布的总体格局相似.     

茂兰喀斯特原生林不同地球化学背景下的土壤种子库的初步研究

采用野外取样和盆栽试验观察相结合的方法,对贵州茂兰3个不同岩性地球化学背景下森林的土壤中的种子进行萌发实验研究,结果表明:(1)贵州茂兰喀斯特森林的土壤中贮藏着丰富的种子,种子库储量在187.5-550粒/m2。(2)相对而言,纯灰岩的种子库储量最大,不纯碳酸盐岩的次之,纯白云岩的种子库储量最小;在垂直方向上,种子密度随着土壤深度的增加而减小。(3)土壤种子库中自然萌发的种子物种多样性指数为纯灰岩>纯白云岩>不纯碳酸盐岩。(4)从土壤种子库萌发的种子数量和组成成分方面来看,纯白云岩和不纯碳酸盐岩之间的相似性系数>纯白云岩和纯灰岩之间的相似性系数>纯灰岩和不纯碳酸盐岩之间的相似性系数。     

The Potential of Current- and Wind-Driven Transport for Environmental Management of the Baltic Sea

The ever increasing impact of the marine industry and transport on vulnerable sea areas puts the marine environment under exceptional pressure and calls for inspired methods for mitigating the impact of the related risks. We describe a method for preventive reduction of remote environmental risks caused by the shipping and maritime industry that are transported by surface currents and wind impact to the coasts. This method is based on characterizing systematically the damaging potential of the offshore areas in terms of potential transport to vulnerable regions of an oil spill or other pollution that has occurred in a particular area. The resulting maps of probabilities of pollution to be transported to the nearshore and the time it takes for the pollution to reach the nearshore are used to design environmentally optimized fairways for the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Proper, and south-western Baltic Sea.     

屋面雨水不同储水形式的水质演变及微生物种群特性

储水水质安全保障是提高雨水资源储用效率的关键,而屋面雨水是雨水储存利用的最佳场景. 研究通过长期监测屋面雨水储存过程中水质演变,构建不同储水材料（PE、玻璃）和不同DO调控模式（密封、曝气）的储水形式,采用16S rRNA微生物多样性测序技术和环境因子关联性等分析方法,探明微生物代谢作用下的水质变化特征以及潜在的利用健康风险. 结果表明, 储水过程中COD的降解主要发生于前10 d,同时营养盐也主要依赖微生物的代谢作用进行转化. 不同储水形式下水质变化特征存在差异,传统PE储水材料会促进部分致病性黄色杆菌属（Xanthobacter）的繁殖,链格孢霉属（Alternaria）、葡萄穗霉属（Stachybotrys）和枝孢霉属（Cladosporium）等与DO和pH呈负相关. 曝气有利于降低细菌、真菌的丰度,而密封储水方式有利于抑制军团菌等病原菌的增长.     

Evaluation of the possible adverse effects of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on the brown booby (Sula leucogaster) along the Brazilian coast

This study aimed to investigate the impact of contamination by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on Brazilian wildlife. The concentrations of certain POPs, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in the eggs of the brown booby (Sula leucogaster) were measured. The eggs were collected from breeding colonies located on three archipelagos (Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Abrolhos and Cagarras Islands) in the Atlantic Ocean, which are located at different distances from the Brazilian coast (range 4-1010 km). In addition, possible alterations in eggshell characteristics were evaluated. The average values of POPs found in eggs from the archipelago of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (0.05 μg g⁻¹ of ΣPCBs and 0.01 μg g⁻¹ of ΣDDT) and the archipelago of Abrolhos (0.19 μg g⁻¹ of ΣPCBs and 0.03 μg g⁻¹ of ΣDDT) were low compared to the reference values reported in the literature. In contrast, the concentrations measured in eggs from Cagarras (8.4 μg g⁻¹ of ΣPCBs and 1.8 μg g⁻¹ of ΣDDT) were the highest, and this total PCB level is close to the threshold values considered to be harmful to birds. Our findings indicate that the brown booby colony closest to the Rio de Janeiro coast has recently been exposed to DDT. Despite the high pollution levels found on the Cagarras Islands, no alterations in the eggshell weight or the thickness of the analyzed eggs were detected. Hence, more detailed studies are recommended to determine the actual effects of the selected POPs on the Cagarras breeding colony.     

嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌休止细胞保存时间及循环利用对施氏矿物生物合成的影响

利用嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称A.ferrooxidans)休止细胞促进FeSO4形成的施氏矿物具有纯度高比表面积大的特点,对去除水环境中有毒重(类)金属有重要作用.为提供施氏矿物规模化生产优化参数,本研究通过摇瓶试验探讨了休止细胞保存时间对其活力的影响,以...