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21.
为分析和掌握南水北调中线干渠生态系统结构与功能的特征参数,根据2015~2019年中线干渠鱼类资源调查数据及实测的鱼类生物学参数数据,应用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.6软件构建了Ecopath食物网模型.模型由18个功能组组成,包括了初级生产者、初级消费者、主要鱼类和有机碎屑等.结果显示:中线干渠生态系统规模总流量、总生产量和总消耗量分别为19186.330,8947.857和1106.002(t/(km2·a)),食物网主要由4个整合营养级(1.00~3.71)构成,最高营养级为大型肉食性鱼类鱤(3.71).食物网能量传递主要有两条途径,分别为牧食食物链和碎屑食物链,两者传递的能量相当,但牧食食物链传递效率是碎屑食物链的近两倍.交互营养分析结果表明,捕食者对其饵料生物的影响一般为抑制作用,碎屑生物量的增加对大部分功能组的影响为正效应,小型上层鱼类对浮游动物生物量起抑制作用.从各功能组之间的生态位重叠来看,各功能组间捕食者生态位重叠现象不普遍,重叠指数适中,部分肉食性鱼类的捕食者生态位重叠指数达到1.对生态系统总体特征分析发现,中线干渠生态系统的总初级生产量与总呼吸量的比值(P/R)、总初级生产量与总生物量的比值(P/B)、Finn's循环指数(FCI)和Finn's平均路径长度(FML)都表明该生态系统处于发展的幼态期,抵抗外界干扰的能力差.此外,中线干渠生态系统对初级生产力的利用率很低,导致过多的营养物质未进入更高营养级的食物链中进行循环,造成系统能量流动的滞缓.因此,根据生物操纵理论,可通过优化和完善鱼类群落结构,增强对系统初级生产力的利用效率,促进物质循环和能量流动,维持生态系统稳定. 相似文献
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23.
Clint J. Keifer David E. Westfall Dennis A. Fagan Fred C. Neat 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1979,15(1):17-29
ABSTRACT: The development of a regional water supply system for the six-county area of Northeastern Illinois is presented in this paper, including: 1) the establishment of regional water supply technical planning policies; 2) the development and utilization of a regional water supply computer model to identify the principal and secondary sources of water supply for each entity in the study area, based on an apparent cost-effective source analysis; and 3) utilization of the study results to develop for the year 2010 a suggested preliminary regional water supply system. Using the findings from task 2 above, a proposed plan for overall Lake Michigan water use through the year 2010 was also developed. The effects of the proposed regional water supply system on future water levels in the deep aquifer were also discussed. 相似文献
24.
南京市雨污分流改造经过多年建设施工,基本上从源头上实现雨污分流,避免污水溢流入秦淮河。初期雨水造成的城市非点源污染是受纳水体的重要污染源,在一些实施了分流制排水系统的城市,经过一段时间的运行,周边水体的污染情况改善不是十分明显。白下区雨污分流改造后,为避免初期雨水对内秦淮河污染,以大中桥泵站北截流沟为例,探讨在沿河截流井设提升泵弃流初期雨水,利用现状截流沟蓄水,结合规划改造大中桥泵站新建蓄水池,为今后雨水利用提供条件。 相似文献
25.
为解决中小城市污水排水问题,进一步加强城市排水管理,改善城市水环境,杜绝雨污混排,提高污水处理率,分析和探讨了中小城市在污水排水系统建设、管理、维护中存在的问题,针对排水法规不健全、污水管网不完善、雨污分流难、管理不到位等问题进行原因分析,提出加强排水制度建设、加快排水设施的建设、加强排水管理、加强宣传教育等措施. 相似文献
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28.
Rusidan Lubis Michael V. Martin B. Starr McMullen 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1987,23(4):673-680
ABSTRACT: Grain transportation is a major economic activity on the multiple use Snake-Columbia River System. Congress is currently considering increased transportation user fees aimed at recapturing federal expenditures for waterway operations and maintenance. Three types of fee structure and four levels of cost recovery are evaluated using a network program model. In each case traffic is diverted away from the river to other Puget Sound ports via truck and rail transport modes. Grain shippers in the region will be adversely affected by a higher transport bill. The Lower Columbia River port economic activities will be negatively affected; however, competitive uses of the river, recreation, and hydroelectric generation will likely benefit modestly. 相似文献
29.
Manfred Fehr 《The Environmentalist》2006,26(1):21-29
Summary Present municipal waste management paradigms in Brazil do not allow for flexible approaches to solving an extremely dynamic
problem. This paper discusses the basic flaws in present thinking models of residents and municipal administrators. Fundamental
arguments presented on municipal solid waste relate to nomenclature, destinations, definitions, logistics, social dynamics,
social assistance programs, education and employment philosophies. In each case, the consequences of the stalemate are explained
in terms of the unsustainable situation of constantly growing landfills. In sequence, a proactive thinking model is presented
and explained that has the potential of drastically reducing landfill size. It is called Municipal Transit Material Processing.
The model has been tested successfully in small communities and is now available for scale-up. The landfill diversion achieved
stands at 62% of household waste in comparison with 15% theoretically possible in Brazil with selective collection models.
Although of necessity the arguments apply directly to Brazil, the basic ideas behind the reasoning may be extrapolated to
other Southern countries. The following simple example will illustrate to the reader the type of paradigm inversion the paper
proposes to convey. The classical political slogan in Brazil is “get children out of garbage dumps”. The inversion proposed
and explained is “do away with garbage dumps”. 相似文献
30.
Urine diversion (UD) has great potential to contribute to sustainably managing wastewater by separating urine at the source and recovering nutrients for reuse in agriculture. While factors enabling the UD technology in Sweden are thought to involve policies supporting nutrient recovery/reuse, on closer inspection, the variable success of UD systems has revealed that critical factors for success also relate to human-centred issues of social organisation, participation and incorporation of social knowledges of a variety of stakeholders into the decision-making process in which new technologies are trialled and adopted. Through the analytical lens of strategic niche management, we consider how early experimentation in UD has involved user participation and whether internal processes of learning, networking and visioning have been consciously considered and to what effect. As niche experiments are enabled/disabled not only by informal institutions such as values and social norms but also formal regulatory institutions, we have concurrently analysed the broader environment in which policies and institutions influence, to varying degrees, the uptake of UD. 相似文献