Evidence of hydrocarbon contamination from the Burgan oil field, Kuwait: interpretations from thermal remote sensing data

The paper presents the application of thermal remote sensing for mapping hydrocarbon polluted sites. This has been achieved by mono-window algorithm for land surface temperature (LST) measurements, using multi-date band 6 data of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). The emissivity, transmittance and mean atmospheric temperature were used as critical factors to estimate LST. The changes in the surface emissivity due to oil pollution alter the apparent temperature, which was used as a recognition element to map out oil polluted surfaces. The LST contrast was successfully used to map spatial distribution of hydrocarbon pollution in the Burgan Oil field area of Kuwait. The methodology can be positively used to detect waste dumping, oil spills in oceans and ports, besides environmental management of oil pollution at or near the land surface.     

大庆油田分布式防震减灾信息和辅助决策系统——系统框架研究

简要论述了国内外防震减灾信息和辅助决策系统的发展状况。以大庆油田防震减灾信息和辅助决策系统为基础，详细探讨了分布式防震减灾系统的框架研究，包括ArcIMS的应用、系统框架的二次开发、数据库的远程连接和调用和系统框架的集成等。同时阐述了分布式网络GIS已经成为防震减灾信息和辅助决策系统建设的一个重要发展方向和它的应用价值。     

PNN破乳剂的合成及其乳化液废水处理

由氨,仲胺与伯胺及表卤代醇合成制备了合成制备了高效破乳剂ＰＮＮ,并用以处理乳化油废水,取得了较好的效果。结果表明,在ＰＨ＝６．０－７．５,投量为１．８８‰３．０‰的条件下,用ＰＮＮ处理ＣＯＤｃｒ为７１８４０ｍｇ／Ｌ、ｉｍｇ ｏ １５５３４ｍｇ／Ｌ、油为１５５３４ｍｇ／Ｌ的某乳化油废水,最佳ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率达９２．７％,最佳油去除率达９９．９％。,浊度去除率达到９９．９％,该药剂破乳后固液分离性能较     

The cost of endangered species protection: Evidence from auctions for natural resources

This paper examines the effect that endangered species regulation has on natural resource development. Specifically, we use data from competitive auctions to estimate the effect that land-use regulation protecting endangered caribou in the Canadian province of Alberta has on the price producers pay for the right to extract oil. We exploit a regression discontinuity design to evaluate how prices differ along regulation boundaries that constrain resource development. The auction format and the regulation discontinuity allow us to measure the total cost of the regulation. We find that producers pay 24% less on average for oil leases that are regulated and that the total net present value cost of the regulation exceeds $1.15 billion for leases sold between 2003 and 2012, all of which is borne by the government. In spite of these costs, the populations of endangered caribou remain in widespread decline.     

Application of social network theory to prioritizing Oil & Gas industries protection in a networked critical infrastructure system

As a typical process industry, the Oil & Gas industries play a key role within a networked critical infrastructure system in terms of their interconnection and interdependency. While the tight coupling of infrastructures increases the efficiency of infrastructure operations, interdependency between infrastructures may cause cascading failure of infrastructures. The interdependency between critical infrastructures gives rise to an infrastructure network. In this paper, we apply social network analysis, an analytical tool used by social scientists, to study human interactions and to analyze characteristics of the critical infrastructure network. We identify Oil & Gas, Information & Communication Technologies (ICT), and Electricity as three infrastructures that are most relied upon by other infrastructures, thus these may cause the greatest cascading failure of the infrastructures. Among the three, we further determine that Oil & Gas and Electricity are the more vulnerable infrastructures. As a result, priority toward critical infrastructure protection should be given to the Oil & Gas and Electricity infrastructures since they are most relied upon but at the same time depend more on other infrastructures.     

Life-Cycle Impact Assessment of oil drilling mud system in Algerian arid area

The objective of this work is to assess the environmental impacts of the drilling mud system in Algeria's arid region. Water-based mud (WBM) and oil-based mud (OBM) are used during well drilling in Hassi Messaoud petroleum field, and have a considerable pollution potential particularly on the aquifer system which constitutes the single resource of drinking water in the Sahara. The Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach is applied to evaluate the impacts of several drilling mud systems across all stages of their life cycle, e.g. use, treatment and disposal. Environmental impacts of five treatments scenarios corresponding to the drilling waste management applied in Hassi Messaoud are compared: reserve pit without treatment (burial option), secondary high centrifugation (vertical cuttings dryer), stabilisation/solidification online, stabilisation/solidification off line and thermal desorption. The impact assessment is carried on using the LCIA models of Impact 2002+ method in SIMAPRO7 software. This assessment identifies human toxicity and terrestrial eco-toxicity as the major impact categories in this specific arid context and quantifies the emissions contributions. The local environmental impact is the most important of the drilling mud life cycle and is mainly linked to emissions from reserve pits, treated cuttings, and drilling phase 16″ through the Turonian and Albian aquifer. The main contributing substances are aromatic hydrocarbons fraction and metals in particular barium, zinc, antimony, arsenic, and aluminium. Concerning the comparison of the treatment scenarios, it appears that stabilisation/solidification online is the best one; it has the lowest impact score in the two dominating categories because of the waste minimisation: mud storage avoided in the reserve pit. The second best scenario is the thermal desorption which obtains the lowest impact score in carcinogen effects due to hydrocarbons reduction (<1%) and avoided impacts of recovered oil. The toxic substances fate modeling will be improved by taking into account their site-specific impact.     

Evaluation of the spontaneous combustion tendency of corrosion products in oil tanks based on TOPSIS methodologies

Spontaneous ignition of the corrosion products of an oil tank may lead to an explosion. To evaluate the spontaneous combustion tendency of corrosion products in oil tanks, the thermodynamic characteristic parameters of the corrosion products of oil tanks were obtained by thermogravimetry as evaluation indexes. Then, the objective weights of these indexes were calculated via the CRITIC method, and TOPSIS theory was used to comprehensively evaluate the spontaneous combustion tendency of corrosion product samples from oil tanks. The results show that the weight of the mass loss rate at the ignition point is the highest, and the apparent activation energy of the corrosion products is not the decisive factor affecting their spontaneous combustion tendency. As such, the spontaneous combustion tendency of the corrosion products of oil tanks cannot be based on only the apparent activation energy. The spontaneous combustion tendency of the corrosion products of a gasoline tank is lower than that of a diesel tank. The higher the heating rate is, the stronger the tendency of spontaneous combustion will be.     

改变垫水层沸点的薄层扬沸实验研究

扬沸是油池火灾的一种特殊现象,燃料和垫水层交界面的过热温度和沸腾状态是决定扬沸是否发生以及发生时间的最主要因素,过热温度由沸点决定。在垫水层中添加氯化钠能够改变垫水层的沸点,从而改变交界面的过热温度。在垫水层添加氯化钠使其成为饱和氯化钠水溶液,对此条件下的油池火燃烧进行实验探究,以验证前人关于扬沸临界条件的研究结果,并为扬沸防治提供思路。垫水层改变为饱和氯化钠溶液后,柴油实验组均没有发生扬沸,且观察到火焰温度和热辐射强度的下降。表明此方法可以有效抑制扬沸的发生。     

油类突发环境事件引起的思考

油类污染事故频有发生,造成的经济损失、生态环境的破坏、人体健康的危害不可低估。我国在2005～2009年5年中公开报导的油类突发污染事件共有95起,涉及到84个县市,其中77起是人为因素引起的,18起是企业违法造成的,污染到水系的有72起。文章就此阐述了油类突发污染事件对水环境、人类和植物造成的风险与危害,提出了相关的建议。只有政府、企业与公众3方负责,才能有效防范和化解突发事件对环境造成的破坏。