老化石油污染土壤的清洗处理

以华北油田老化长达1年以上的石油污染土壤为研究对象,采用自行选配的清洗剂对该污染土壤进行了一次清洗和二次清洗处理.实验结果表明,一次清洗后,污染土壤样品的含油率从26.34%～29.90%降到6.34%～7.84%,洗油率达80.06%～81.06%;经二次清洗处理后,污染土壤样品的含油率从26.34%～29.90%降到4.05%～4.85%,洗油率达88.06%～88.19%.在一次清洗和二次清洗的基础上,通过模拟实验确定了洗油污水回用的最佳回用率为80%,最佳加药质量浓度为0.4 g/L,该条件下污水的最终产生量也较少.按照该参数对华北油田的石油污染土壤进行了清洗实验,洗油率达79.20%～80.51%.     

突发水污染事故风险预测中数学模型的研究

为了预防和控制潜在的水环境风险,准确预测水体中污染物的迁移和扩散情况,采用溢油扩延计算模式、油膜漂移分析计算方法和可溶性危险化学品一维瞬时扩散模型预测突发性污染事故对水体造成的影响。并以江南某航道为例,模拟船舶在船闸碰撞后发生溢油扩散、可溶性危险化学品扩散,进而提出一些风险防范的建议。该预测模型预测水体中污染物的实时浓度,分析污染水团的轨迹变化,有广泛的应用价值。     

原油储罐的腐蚀机理研究及防护技术现状

原油储罐在运行过程中,经常遭受内、外环境介质的腐蚀。内腐蚀主要为内部储存介质、罐底积水及罐内空间部分的凝结水汽的腐蚀作用,其中罐底的内腐蚀尤为严重,主要是由滞留在罐底的沉积水所引起;外部腐蚀主要是大气腐蚀、土壤腐蚀、杂散电流腐蚀等。笔者概要介绍了原油储罐的腐蚀状况,重点讨论了储罐不同部位的腐蚀机理。在此基础上,总结并提出了一些行之有效的防腐措施,如抗静电涂料防腐、涂料与阳极保护相结合的保护技术、热喷铝技术以及添加缓蚀剂等     

纵向风速对隧道中细水雾灭火效果 的影响研究

隧道作为交通的咽喉要道,一旦发生火灾,给人员逃生带来很大的困难。利用隧道火灾模拟平台,分别对车顶和车底两个位置进行了细水雾灭火的模拟实验,研究不同风速对隧道火灾的温度、气体组分浓度和热辐射等参量的影响,据此研究细水雾灭火系统在隧道火灾中抑制、扑灭火灾,降低火场温度、净化火源附近空气以及隔绝热辐射的能力。结果表明:当风速增大时,火场烟气平均温度逐渐减小,CO浓度的峰值显著降低,热辐射强度也有效降低。在实验条件下,隧道纵向通风作用有利于保障火场安全。     

落地油泥污染及油土分离处理的工艺研究

对落地油泥的组成、性质及其对环境的污染进行了调查和分析;根据落地油泥油土分离小型试验的结果,进行了0.5t/h油土分离的放大试验。     

石油类地面水环境质量标准的讨论

通过国内一些地区地面水监测成果分析,论证了《地面水环境质量标准》GB3838-88中Ⅱ、Ⅲ类规定的石油类标准值0.05mg/L适用性较差.结合我国目前水质状况和自来水厂的一般处理工艺,提出了修订地面水Ⅱ、Ⅲ类石油类标准的建议.     

Dispersibility of crude oil in fresh water

The effects of surfactant composition on the ability of chemical dispersants to disperse crude oil in fresh water were investigated. The objective of this research was to determine whether effective fresh water dispersants can be designed in case this technology is ever considered for use in fresh water environments. Previous studies on the chemical dispersion of crude oil in fresh water neither identified the dispersants that were investigated nor described the chemistry of the surfactants used. This information is necessary for developing a more fundamental understanding of chemical dispersion of crude oil at low salinity. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between surfactant chemistry and dispersion effectiveness. We found that dispersants can be designed to drive an oil slick into the freshwater column with the same efficiency as in salt water as long as the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance is optimum.     

Elemental and spectroscopic characterization of fractions of an acidic extract of oil sands process water

‘Naphthenic acids’ (NAs) in petroleum produced water and oil sands process water (OSPW), have been implicated in toxicological effects. However, many are not well characterized. A method for fractionation of NAs of an OSPW was used herein and a multi-method characterization of the fractions conducted.     

Criteria for Oil Spill Recovery: A Case Study of the Intertidal Community of Prince William Sound, Alaska, Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

Marine intertidal organisms in Prince William Sound were exposed to crude oil following the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. The intertidal communities were also subjected to mechanical disturbance during invasive oil spill remediation and cleanup efforts. Using monitoring data collected from 1989 to 1997, impacts and eventual recovery were assessed at oiled but uncleaned sites and oiled and cleaned study areas. A statistical model where recovery was defined as parallelism between the time profiles at control and oiled sites was evaluated. Statistical analysis and graphical presentations of the data suggest intertidal epibiota communities recovered from the oil spill by 1992 at the oiled sites and by 1994 at the oiled and remediated sites. Empirical data from the intertidal monitoring program supports the use of tests of parallelism in evaluating recovery and the need to avoid simply the comparison of sample means from control and oiled sites.     

小型油水分离器的设计及试验

简要介绍了CYF－0．1／CYF－0．05型油水分离器的基本原理、主要参数、设计计算及台架试验情况。