紫外法测定石油类的标准物质比对分析

对紫外法测定地表水中石油类污染物的三个厂家标准物质的吸收波长、校准曲线、质谱和测定结果进行了对比分析.试验结果表明,不同厂家标准物质的配制成分不同,标准曲线差异大,导致测定结果偏差较大,数据可比性和准确性较差,对石油类监测带来了困扰,建议国家在市售正已烷体系适用于紫外分光光度法测定的有证标准物质的选用上做出明确规定.     

细水雾抑制熄灭K类火有效性的实验研究

本文通过全尺寸模拟实验研究了细水雾与K类火的相互作用,利用LDV／APV激光多普勒分析仪对细水雾特性进行了测量,分析了细水雾的粒径、速度及雾动量对灭火有效性的影响规律。分别改变喷头类型、工作压力、喷头与火源的垂直距离及喷射角度进行多种工况的灭火实验,结果表明,细水雾的灭火有效性随着压力的增大得到明显提高,喷头的雾化性能直接影响着细水雾的灭火有效性,同时喷射角度及喷射距离也影响着细水雾的灭火有效性。本文为细水雾灭火技术用于厨房环境的火灾防护提供了科学的参考依据和必要的设计参数。     

Identifying Potential Conflict Associated with Oil and Gas Exploration in Texas State Coastal Waters: A Multicriteria Spatial Analysis

Recent interest in expanding offshore oil production within waters of the United States has been met with opposition by groups concerned with recreational, environmental, and aesthetic values associated with the coastal zone. Although the proposition of new oil platforms off the coast has generated conflict over how coastal resources should be utilized, little research has been conducted on where these user conflicts might be most intense and which sites might be most suitable for locating oil production facilities in light of the multiple, and often times, competing interests. In this article, we develop a multiple-criteria spatial decision support tool that identifies the potential degree of conflict associated with oil and gas production activities for existing lease tracts in the coastal margin of Texas. We use geographic information systems to measure and map a range of potentially competing representative values impacted by establishing energy extraction infrastructure and then spatially identify which leased tracts are the least contentious sites for oil and gas production in Texas state waters. Visual and statistical results indicate that oil and gas lease blocks within the study area vary in their potential to generate conflict among multiple stakeholders.     

Avian Mortality at Oil Pits in the United States: A Review of the Problem and Efforts for Its Solution

Oil production operations produce waste fluids that may be stored in pits, open tanks, and other sites accessible to wildlife. Birds visit these fluid-filled pits and tanks (“oil pits”), which often resemble water sources, and may become trapped and die. The US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has a program to reduce these impacts by locating problem pits, documenting mortality of protected wildlife species, and seeking cleanup or corrective action at problem pits with the help of state and federal agencies regulating the oil industry. Species identification and verification of protected status for birds recovered from oil pits are performed at the USFWS National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory. From 1992 to 2005, a minimum of 2060 individual birds were identified from remains recovered from oil pits, representing 172 species from 44 families. The taxonomic and ecological diversity of these birds indicates that oil pits pose a threat to virtually all species of birds that encounter them. Ninety-two percent of identified bird remains belonged to protected species. Most remains identified at the Forensics Laboratory were from passerines, particularly ground-foraging species. Based on Forensics Laboratory and USFWS field data, oil pits currently cause the deaths of 500,000–1 million birds per year. Although law enforcement and industry efforts have produced genuine progress on this issue, oil pits remain a significant source of mortality for birds in the United States.     

Oil spill vulnerability assessment integrating physical, biological and socio-economical aspects: Application to the Cantabrian coast (Bay of Biscay, Spain)

A methodology has been developed to carry out an integrated oil spill vulnerability index, V, for coastal environments. This index takes into account the main physical, biological and socio-economical characteristics by means of three intermediate indexes. Three different integration methods (worst-case, average and survey-based) along with ESI-based vulnerability scores, V_ESI, proposed for the Cantabrian coast during the Prestige oil spill, have been analyzed and compared in terms of agreement between the classifications obtained with each one for this coastal area. Results of this study indicate that the use of the worst-case index, V_R, leads to a conservative ranking, with a very poor discrimination which is not helpful in coastal oil spill risk management. Due to the homogeneity of this coastal stretch, the rest of the methods, V_I, V_M and V_ESI, provide similar classifications. However, V_M and V_I give more flexibility allowing three indexes for each coastal segment and including socio-economic aspects. Finally, the V_I procedure is proposed here as the more advisable as using this index promotes the public participation that is a key element in the implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (IZCM).     

海洋石油污染处理方法优化配置

溢油是石油进入海洋的主要方式之一,如何对溢油事故进行有效的预防和处理成为有效预防海洋污染、保护海洋环境的重要举措。文章从三个方面介绍了如何进行溢油防治,并对溢油处理措施进行了详细说明,论证了不同海面状况下各种处理方法的优化组合,并以辽河油田浅海石油开发公司导管架平台溢油事故为例进行了说明。     

混凝-电凝聚法处理三次采油废水的研究

进行了混凝-电凝聚法处理大庆油田三次采油废水的实验研究,考察了极板材料、混凝剂加量、电流密度、pH值、转速、反应时间对COD去除率的影响,并对去除机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明:COD去除率达到80%,达到国家回注标准。     

HBY—3—100型自动油水分离器在污水处理上的应用

ＨＢＹ－３－１００型自动油水分离器在乙烯加氢装置的应用，解决了原有隔油池收油不好，油气散发污染环境危害安全等隐串。经过１年多的运转证明效果良好，所收的油当年可回收人武部投资。环境效益、社会效益和经济和均起到较好的效果。     

超滤技术在处理乳化油废水中的应用

文中整理归纳了近年来超滤工艺乳化油废水的发展动态，并介绍了一些典型的应用技术，做了一定的评述。