Optimization of thermophilic anaerobic-aerobic treatment system for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

Optimization of an integrated anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor (IAAB) treatment system for the reduction of organic matter (Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentrations) in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) to legal standards with high methane yield was performed for the first time under thermophilic condition (50°C–55°C) by using response surface methodology (RSM). The experiments were conducted based on a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with three independent operating variables, organic loading rates in anaerobic compartment (OLR_an) and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentration in anaerobic (MLVSS_an) and aerobic compartments (MLVSS_a). The optimum conditions for the POME treatment were determined as OLR_an of 15.6 g COD·L^-1·d^-1, MLVSS_an of 43100 mg·L^-1, and MLVSS_a of 18600 mg·L^-1, where high aerobic COD, BOD and TSS removal efficiencies of 96.3%, 97.9%, and 98.5% were achieved with treated BOD of 56 mg·L^-1 and TSS of 28 mg·L^-1 meeting the discharge standard. This optimization study successfully achieved a reduction of 42% in the BOD concentrations of the final treated effluent at a 48% higher OLR_an as compared to the previous works. Besides, thermophilic IAAB system scores better feasibility and higher effectiveness as compared to the optimized mesophilic system. This is due to its higher ability to handle high OLR with higher overall treatment efficiencies (more than 99.6%), methane yield (0.31 L CH₄·g^-1 COD_removed) and purity of methane (67.5%). Hence, these advantages ascertain the applicability of thermophilic IAAB in the POME treatment or even in other high-strength wastewaters treatment.     

Studies on the dechlorination and oil-production technology of waste plastics

 Recycle technology for waste plastics containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been developed in the Hokkaido National Industrial Research Institute for the production of solid and liquid fuel, and has established a recycling process which includes a dechlorination process for PVC plastics, and a two-stage catalytic pyrolysis process for plastics using zeolite catalysts. The dechlorination equipment consists of a two-axis screw extruder with a heating element, which can remove chlorine up to 99.9 wt. % from PVC containing plastics as hydrogen chloride. The product had about 44 000 kJ/kg calorific value and was fed into the next oil production process, although it could also be used as a solid fuel. Natural and synthetic zeolite were used as catalysts for the two-stage catalytic process, which produced a light oil with a boiling point which was between those of kerosene and gasoline. The yield of this oil reached 82 wt. %. The chemical type was analyzed using liquid chromatography, and was found to have many aromatic compounds. These technologies make it possible to produce a nonpolluting, high-calorie solid fuel and a liquid fuel very efficiently. Received: July 19, 2000 / Accepted: September 21, 2000     

厌氧-好氧工艺在含油废水生化处理中的应用

(中国石油冀东油田分公司安全环保处)论述了厌氧-好氧(A/O)工艺的基本原理及工艺参数。该工艺在冀东油田两座废水处理站的应用结果表明,对废水中石油类物质、COD、硫化物去除效果明显。高一联合站及柳一联合站污水经处理后,石油类物质去除率分别为90.6%和96.0%;COD去除率分别为86.0%和91.6%;硫化物去除率分别为94.8%和98.2%,处理后的污水均达到一级排放标准。另外,采用厌氧-好氧工艺的成本相对较低,处理费用低于0.5元/m3。处理后的污水若回注地下,平均费用为4.7元/m3。     

石油钻井工人护耳器防护效果的评价

从实验室筛选出的７种护耳器，经９９名钻井工人现场使用作了主观评价。通过现场工人噪声防护效果的评价，推选出４种护耳器作为石油勘探工人首先使用的个人防护用品。     

油气火灾爆炸事故评价及防范措施

油气火灾爆炸事故对人类自身和企业所造成的危害日益受到人们的重视 ,因此 ,有必要加强对含有油气的环境进行危险评价和科学管理。笔者应用可能性分布的事故树分析法 ,对引发油气火灾爆炸事故的可能因素进行了定量分析 ,然后对油气火灾爆炸事故进行了评价 ,通过评价对存在的问题提出了相应的防范措施。     

Biodegradation of Fuel Oil Under Laboratory and Arctic Marine Conditions

The aerobic biodegradation of the components of a fuel oil under Arctic summer conditions follows a pattern that is indistinguishable from that exhibited under temperate conditions. Straight chain alkanes and small aromatics are degraded first, followed by branched alkanes and larger and alkylated aromatics. We present data on the biodegradation of heptadecane as a representative n-alkane, pristane as a representative iso-alkane, and naphthalene, phenanthrene, and chrysene and their alkylated forms as representative two-, three- and four-ring aromatic hydrocarbons. In particular, the pattern of degradation of the alkylated aromatics allows the identification of biodegradation in samples collected from the field and the estimation of the extent of biodegradation that occurred in the In-Situ Treatment of Oiled Sediment Shorelines Field Trials.     

Environmental Effects of In Situ Burning of Oil Spills in Inland and Upland Habitats

In situ burning of inland and upland habitats is an alternative oil spill cleanup technique that, when used appropriately, may be more environmentally acceptable than intrusive manual, mechanical, and chemical treatments. There have been few published reports documenting the environmental effects of in situ burning in inland and upland habitats. Thus, this study, sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute, used two approaches to increase the knowledge base and improve the appropriate use of in situ burning: (1) detailed review of published and unpublished in situ burn case histories for inland and upland spills; and (2) summaries of fire effects and other information from the literature on fire ecology and prescribed burning. Thirty-one case histories were summarized to identify the state of the practice concerning the reasons for burning, favorable conditions for burning, and evaluations of burn effects. The fire ecology and effects summaries included information from the extensive knowledge base surrounding wildfire and prescribed burning (without oil) as a natural resource management tool, as well as fire tolerance and burning considerations for dominant vegetation types of the United States. Results from these two approaches should improve the application of in situ burning for inland and upland spills.     

不同红外光度法对水中石油类分析的研究

本文用两种不同的红外光度法(分散红外分光光度法和非分散红外光度法)分别测定了水中油，对两种不同的红外光度法在分析测试过程中的各种情况进行了分析研究。分析研究结果表明，分散红外分光光度法对不同组成的样品有更好的适应性。     

油田开发过程中事故环境风险评价

油田开发建设过程中往往会存在某些事故隐患。通过对这些事故发生的原因、几率及后果的分析 ,认为地下管道泄漏是油田生产中比较严重的事故 ,一旦发生 ,便会给生产和生活带来重大的影响。为此 ,采用地下水中污染物运移模型对泄漏油类污染物迁移行为进行了预测 ,并提出了一些可行的事故预防措施     

真空滤油机的噪声及防治

采用真空滤油机处理及再生润滑油，不仅可以节省资源，保护环境，还可以降低企业的生产成本。虽然真空滤油机有上述优点，但是现有的真空滤油机工作时噪声大。笔者分析了真空滤油机噪声大的原因，设计了全真空系统滤油机。采用全真空系统滤油机处理及再生润滑油具有噪声低及效率高等优点。