化学破乳絮凝与SBR二段法处理采油污水的试验研究

采用化学絮凝与 SBR生化联合的二段法工艺对采油污水进行处理 ,采油污水经第一段化学破乳絮凝后 ,CODCr去除率可达 85 %以上 ,油去除率可达 95 %以上 ;第一段处理出水再经第二段 SBR生化处理后可使出水中 CODCr≤ 60 mg/L、BOD≤ 3 0 mg/L、SS<3 0 mg/L、油 <10 mg/L,达到了油田回注水标准和含油污水的国家二级排放标准 ,可实现废水的资源化     

高级催化氧化法处理高含盐废水研究

针对风城油田生产废水高盐、高温、高矿化度、可生化性差等水质特性,现场采用“混凝沉降+高级催化氧化”工艺,处理后出水达到《污水综合排放标准》GB8978中二级排放标准。混凝沉降阶段COD去除率为36~49%,挥发酚去除率为11~21%,石油类去除率为42~69%;催化氧化阶段COD去除率为20%~40%,挥发酚去除率为69%~73%,石油类去除率为16%~20%。     

膨胀颗粒污泥床-接触氧化法处理棕榈油废水

采用膨胀颗粒污泥床（EGSB）-接触氧化工艺处理棕榈油废水。考察了该工艺对废水COD、固体悬浮物（SS）、有机氮等的去除效果,关键工艺参数,同时探讨了盐浓度对废水生物处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,该组合工艺COD去除率高于95％,BOD,和SS去除率均高于98％,油脂去除率高于90％,有机氮去除率82％,处理后的出水满足马来西亚回灌水国家标准。因出水中含大量的钾,将其用于农田灌溉时,不仅可减少肥料的用量,而且可减少对环境的污染。     

隔音值班室降噪效果及对策分析

目前的炼油工艺都是连续性自动化生产,其操作人员的正常工作主要是在值班室通过监视仪表来控制装置。为了防止设备噪声对人体的危害,都修建隔音值班室。经过对炼油厂内的30个隔音值班室实际运行的调查、分析,提出了切实可行的有效对策。     

微生物固定化技术对地表水油类污染物的修复

地表水中油污染日益严重,由于油污染地表水的特殊性,常规修复技术难以发挥高效作用。微生物固定化技术是一门新兴生物技术,与传统的微生物修复技术相比具有生物密度高、耐毒性等优点。鉴于微生物固定化技术的特点及在废水处理中的应用,对当前地表水油污染具有大面积、低浓度的特点,微生物固定化技术修复具有特殊技术优势和广阔的应用前景。     

Monitoring and assessment of toxic metals in Gulf War oil spill contaminated soil using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied for the detection of toxic metals in oil spill contaminated soil (OSCS). The OSCS samples were collected from Khursania Saudi Arabia along the coast of Persian Gulf exposed to oil spills in 1991 Gulf war. Environmentally important elements like Aluminum Magnesium, Calcium, Chromium, Titanium, Strontium, Iron, Barium, Sodium, potassium, Zirconium and Vanadium from the contaminated soil have been detected. Optimal experimental conditions for analysis were investigated. The LIBS system was calibrated using standard samples containing these trace elements. The results obtained using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) were compared with the results obtained using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP). The concentrations of some elements (Ba and Cr) were found higher than permissible safe limits. Health risks associated with exposure to such toxic elements are also discussed.     

广佛珠江河网区石油类污染数值模拟研究

基于EFDC模型,构建了广佛珠江感潮河网区三维水动力模型;同时,通过耦合石油类污染物水力输运与悬沙吸附一沉降过程,构建石油类水质数学模型,从而更全面客观地模拟水体石油类污染物的迁移转化过程。通过2001年1月实例模拟及验证,表明模型能较好地模拟再现珠江水体石油类浓度变化过程,为日后珠江水环境质量监控与水质改善、城市河涌整治成果评价及预测等提供技术支持。     

Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dibenzothiophenes in wetland sediments and aquatic insects in the oil sands area of Northeastern Alberta, Canada

An immense volume of tailings and tailings water is accumulating in tailings ponds located on mine leases in the oil sands area of Alberta, Canada. Oil sands mining companies have proposed to use tailings- and tailings water-amended lakes and wetlands as part of their mine remediation plans. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are substances of concern in oil sands tailings and tailings water. In this study, we determined concentrations of PAHs in sediments, insect larvae and adult insects collected in or adjacent to three groups of wetlands: experimental wetlands to which tailings or tailings water had been purposely added, oil sands wetlands that were located on the mine leases but which had not been experimentally manipulated and reference wetlands located near the mine leases. Alkylated PAHs dominated the PAH profile in all types of samples in the three categories of wetlands. Median and maximum PAH concentrations, especially alkylated PAH concentrations, tended to be higher in sediments and insect larvae in experimental wetlands than in the other types of wetlands. Such was not the case for adult insects, which contained higher than expected levels of PAHs in the three types of ponds. Overlap in PAH concentrations in larvae among pond types suggests that any increase in PAH levels resulting from the addition of tailings and tailings water to wetlands would be modest. Biota-sediment accumulation factors were higher for alkylated PAHs than for their parent counterparts and were lower in experimental wetlands than in oil sands and reference wetlands. Research is needed to examine factors that affect the bioavailability of PAHs in oil sands tailings- or tailings water-amended wetlands.     

Air pollution impact assessment on agroecosystem and human health characterisation in the area surrounding the industrial settlement of Milazzo (Italy): a multidisciplinary approach

In order to evaluate the impact of atmospheric pollutants emitted by the industrial settlement of Milazzo (Italy) on agriculture, sulphur dioxide and ozone levels in air were monitored and the data were used to estimate yield losses of the most widespread cultures. Trace element concentrations in crops and soils were also detected and metabolic profiles of soil microbial communities were considered. Vibrio fischeri test was used to appraise airborne pollutant ecotoxicity and epidemiological studies on causes of death distribution were carried out to characterize health state of people living in the area. All the sampling points were selected in farms on the basis of a theoretical meteo-diffusive model of industrial air pollutants. Experimental SO₂ and O₃ values mainly exceeded the threshold established by Italian and EU regulations to protect vegetation and they correspond to estimated significant crop losses. Conversely toxic element residues in soils and in agroalimentary products were generally lower than the fixed values. SO₂ and O₃ concentrations, toxic element contents and ecotoxicity levels of airborne pollutants were not related only to industrial site emissions, while the fluctuations on metabolic profiles of soil microbial communities seem to agree with the predicted deposition of xenobiotic compounds from the industrial plants. The epidemiological study evidenced a better health state of populations living in the investigated area than in the Messina province and the Sicily region but, inside the area, males living in the municipalities closest to the industrial settlement exhibited a worst health state than those in the very far ones.     

Naphthenic acid biodegradation by the unicellular alga Dunaliella tertiolecta

Naphthenic acids (NAs) are a major contributor to toxicity in tailings waste generated from bitumen production in the Athabasca Oil Sands region. While investigations have shown that bacteria can biodegrade NAs and reduce tailings toxicity, the potential of algae to biodegrade NAs and the biochemical mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Here, we discovered that the marine alga Dunaliella tertiolecta is able to tolerate five model NAs (cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, cyclohexaneacetic acid, cyclohexanepropionic acid, cyclohexanebutyric acid and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthoic acid) at 300 mg L⁻¹, a level which exceeds that of any single or combination of NAs typically found in tailings ponds. Moreover, we show that D. tertiolecta can metabolize four of the model NAs. Analysis of NA-amended cultures of D. tertiolecta via low resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed us to quantify decreasing NA levels, identify metabolites, and formulate putative mechanisms of biodegradation. Degradation of cyclohexanebutyric acid and cyclohexanepropionic acid proceeded via β-oxidation and resulted in the transient accumulation of cyclohexaneacetic acid and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, respectively. Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid was metabolized via 1-cyclohexenecarboxylic acid suggesting that further degradation may occur by step-wise β-oxidation. When D. tertiolecta was inoculated in the presence of oil sands tailings water from the Athabasca region, biodegradation of single-ring NAs was observed relative to controls. This result corroborates the trend we observed with the single-ring model NAs.