Activated carbons derived from oil palm empty-fruit bunches： Application to environmental problems

Activated carbons derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches （EFB） were investigated to find the suitability of its application for removal of phenol in aqueous solution through adsorption process, Two types of activation namely; thermal activation at 300, 500 and 800℃and physical activation at 150℃ （boiling treatment） were used for the production of the activated carbons. A control （untreated EFB） was used to compare the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons produced from these processes. The results indicated that the activated carbon derived at the temperature of 800℃ showed maximum absorption capacity in the aqueous solution of phenol. Batch adsorption studies showed an equilibrium time of 6 h for the activated carbon at 800℃. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was higher at lower values of pH （2-3） and higher value of initial concentration of phenol （200-300 mg/L）. The equilibrium data fitted better with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm compared to the Langmuir. Kinetic studies of phenol adsorption onto activated carbons were also studied to evaluate the adsorption rate. The estimated cost for production of activated carbon from EFB was shown in lower price （USD 0.50/kg of activated carbon） compared the activated carbon from other sources and processes.     

加拿大的船舶油污损害赔偿机制及运行经验

加拿大是世界上最早通过立法建立船舶溢油赔偿机制的国家。现在加拿大采用国际机制和国内机制相结合的办法较好地解决了油轮和非油轮的油污损害赔偿问题，本言语概括总结了该机制的特点和经验。     

HK－Ⅰ型汽油节油净化添加剂的研制

HK－I型汽油节油净化添加剂的研制,是为厂提高汽油本身的燃烧性能和对油路和化油器的清洗性能,从而达到降低排气污染,提高发动机动力性和节油的目的。经台架实验和汽车实跑证明,HK－I型添加剂可使油耗下降10％以上,同时也减少了CH、CO的排放．      

可生物降解吸油材料发展现状与研究进展

综述了近年来国内外可生物降解吸油材料的发展情况，探讨了其相关的降解机理及目前可生物解吸油材料发展中仍存在的一些问题，并指出可生物降解吸油材料将具有广阔的应用前景。     

Determination of the Burning Characteristics of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is characterized by three distinct processes, ignition, flame spread and burning rate. Although all three processes are important, ignition and burning rate are critical. The former, because it defines the potential to burn and the latter because of the inherent possibility of boilover. Burning rate is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil spill. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). Ignition has been studied to provide a tool that will serve to assess a fuels ease to ignite under conditions that are representative of oil spills. Two different techniques are used, piloted ignition when the fuel is exposed to a radiant heat flux and flash point as measured by the ASTM D56 Tag Closed Cup Test. Two different crude oils were used for these experiments, ANS and Cook Inlet. Crude oils were tested in their natural state and at different levels of weathering, showing that piloted ignition and flash point are strong functions of weathering level.     

树立科学发展观创建绿色石油企业

创建绿色企业是企业环保工作者和企业发展的目标,文章主要阐述了河南油田在创建绿色企业工作中,积极开展环保宣传教育,加大污染治理力度,积极推行清洁生产,实行HSE体系管理,采取预防和控制措施,减少环境污染事故的发生,实现污染物持续稳定达标排放和企业可持续发展。     

土壤石油污染物中正构烷烃降解特性研究

分别以污染强度、营养物、氧化剂、表面活性剂、温度、土壤含水率、透气性为降解调控因子,研究土壤中石油污染物的微生物降解过程,采用色谱-质谱联用技术分析土壤石油污染物中正构烷烃含量的变化,详细地分析了正构烷烃降解过程。结果表明：C26和C30正构烷烃的降解速度模式相似,证实了正构烷烃随着碳原子数的增多,降解速度减慢。     

1株好氧菌对不同油脂的降解

从某餐馆排污渠污泥分离到10株油脂降解菌,以植物油脂花生油为唯一碳源,通过适应性培养驯化并检测细菌生长的OD值筛选出1株优势菌。在确定其最佳生长环境条件的基础上,分别以花生油、餐厅污水和一种含有油脂的膜为对象污染物,进行了优势菌的降解试验。结果表明,该菌对花生油溶液中油脂和CODcr的去除率在24h以内分别达到98．91％和97．27％;对餐厅污染中油脂和CODcr的降解率在30h内分别达到88．66％和85．42％。另外,该优势菌对油脂膜也有良好降解效果,在固体和液体培养基中30d内油脂膜量分别减少了3．31％和11．29％以上。试验证实了该菌对植物油脂、含油脂污水和固体油脂废弃物有良好的净化效果。     

中缅油气管道环境监理过程中环保变更和环境敏感点管控措施

简要介绍中缅油气管道工程概况及环境敏感点基本情况,结合碧海环境监理现场具体实践,对长输管道现场环境监理过程中环保变更和环境敏感点管控方法进行了探讨.     

特种膜分离在废乳化液处理上的应用

目前国内乳化液处理普遍采用化学加药破乳,再后续生化处理的工艺,该方法投加大量化学药剂,产生二次固体危废,综合处置成本高。采用荷兰B&C特种超滤膜技术对乳化液浓缩破乳回收基础油,超滤产水后续生化处理的新工艺路线具有很好的工艺先进性。通过工艺运行数据显示,含油率1%~3%的乳化液,经过特种超滤浓缩破乳后浓缩液含油率可达15%~20%,超滤产水含油率小于50mg/L,COD为15000~20000mg/L,后续经厌氧和A/O生化+Fenton氧化后出水小于500mg/L,达到处理标准。