Study on the preparation of novel FR-245/MCM-41 suppressant and its inhibition mechanism on oil shale deflagration flame

Oil shale development is of great significance because oil and gas resources are scarce. Research on the prevention of oil shale dust explosion is particularly important for guaranteeing the safe development and utilization of oil shale resources. In this work, the flame morphology and velocity of oil shale dust with and without MCM-41 or FR-245 were compared. Furthermore, the novel green FR-245/MCM-41 inhibitor was prepared by jet mill method and used in oil shale dust explosion for the first time. The best ratio of FR-245/MCM-41 for flame inhibition was obtained, which was 9: 1. The pyrolysis oxidation behavior of oil shale before and after adding FR-245/MCM-41 was analyzed and compared by FWO and KAS methods, respectively. The results showed that the activation energy calculated by FWO and KAS methods greatly increased after adding FR-245/MCM-41, which increased by 95.36% and 115.15% than that before adding inhibitor, respectively. Significantly, the activation energy is particularly high for two methods when α between 0.2 and 0.6, due to that MCM-41 and FR-245 coexisted to limit the oxidation of oil shale. For α between 0.7 and 0.9, the activation energy is still high because of the existence of MCM-41. Combining the oil dust flame propagation behavior with the characterization results before and after explosion, the physical-chemical synergy mechanism of oil dust flame propagation inhibition was revealed.     

贮油罐区防火水幕模拟实验研究

本文通过对贮油罐区防火水幕冷态和模拟实验数据的分析比较,讨论了设计防火隔热水幕的形式方式,水幕喷头的结构选型等重要参数。     

石油储罐油气蒸发损耗的成因、危害及对策

油气蒸发威胁安全,蒸发的油蒸气易引发爆炸,从而导致油罐爆炸着火。油蒸气是气相烃类,属有毒物品,漂浮地面易致人窒息。油蒸气还易形成光化学烟雾的二次污染物。由于油蒸气的蒸发损耗,全世界每年散失于大气中的油气约为１×１０８吨,折合人民币２４００亿元。因其所蒸发的都是油料中的最轻组分且油气蒸发还严重影响成品油质量。笔者分析了油气蒸发损耗的危害、产生原因及各种影响因素,并提出了降低油气蒸发损耗的对策     

Patronage politics,plantation fires and transboundary haze

Since 1982, haze pollution has become an almost annual occurrence in Southeast Asia, with the worst episodes being in the period of 1997–1998 and in 2006–2007. Haze originates from peat and forest fires, mostly in Indonesia. The negative effects of haze can be observed at the global level, with increased carbon emissions exacerbating climate change, and more importantly at the regional level, with serious environmental and socioeconomic effects in Indonesia and its neighbouring countries. Most of these fires are manmade, and can be traced back to land-clearing activities of commercial oil palm plantations. This article questions why these companies have been able to burn with such impunity, even though using fire for land clearing is against Indonesian law. It argues that local and foreign plantation companies have cultivated strong patronage linkages with key patrons among the ruling elite. Hence, patrons are encouraged to protect their clients from the repercussions of their actions. This weakens the power of the state in terms of law enforcement, where national laws against the use of fire are thus rendered useless in the face of powerful economic interests. Well-connected companies therefore continue to use fire as a cost-efficient way to clear land while disregarding its serious environmental and socioeconomic implications.     

国外油气管道安全管理经验及启示

近年来,我国油气管道发展迅猛,管道数量激增;上世纪70!80年代修建的管道逐渐进入老龄化,管道事故呈上升趋势。文章对美国、加拿大和欧盟国家油气管道的发展现状和事故情况进行了介绍,重点对以美国为代表的国外油气管道安全管理先进经验进行了分析,并针对当前我国油气管道安全管理的形势和问题,提出了一些建议。     

Capital structure and asset utilization: the case of resource intensive industries

This research studies the relationship between the capital structure of a firm and its asset utilization rate in resource intensive industries. We study this issue from both private and public policy perspectives. From a private perspective, it's conceivable that a positive relationship may exist because a company is trying to increase its use of debt to effect a more efficient utilization of its assets. However, from a public policy perspective, finding a positive relationship between asset utilization and debt levels in natural resource sensitive industries may signal a sub-optimal exploitation of natural resources when debt levels rise. This research examines measures of leverage and asset utilization in firms from the mining, oil, and timber industries to determine whether the behavior alleged in the PALCO/MAXXAM case (an increased cutting rate to pay off junk bond financing) has been observed more systematically. We observe a positive relationship between leverage and asset utilization in all three industries when leverage is calculated using book value measures. When market value measures are used, this positive relationship no longer holds in the mining industry. Possible explanations for these results are offered.     

Cultivars and oil extraction techniques affect Cd/Pb contents and health risks in oil of rapeseed grown on Cd/Pb-contaminated farmland

● Organic solvent extracted fewer Cd/Pb in rapeseed oil than physical pressing. ● Brassica rapa transferred fewer Cd and Pb from seed to oil than Brassica napus . ● Carcinogenic risk mainly from Cd and worth more concern than noncarcinogenic risk. ● Organic solvent specially SLB pose less heath risk for oil than physical pressing. ● Rapeseed oil posed higher carcinogenic risk for rural residents than urban. Substitute planting with rapeseed offers promise for safely using large areas of Cd/Pb-contaminated farmland. Cd/Pb distributions during rapeseed oil production were investigated and health risks posed by the oil were assessed. Tests were performed using three cultivars (Brassica rapa SYH and ZS100 and Brassica napus QY-1) and four oil extraction techniques (mechanical and low-temperature pressing and n-hexane and subcritical low-temperature butane extraction). The amounts of Cd and Pb in oil were 0.73%–8.44% and 3.14%–11.76%, respectively, of the amounts in rapeseed and were strongly affected by the cultivar and oil extraction technique. The heavy metal (HM) concentrations were lower in solvent-extracted oil (particularly subcritical low-temperature butane extracted oil, in which HMs were not detected) than mechanically pressed oil. The Cd and Pb transfer indices were lower (meaning larger proportions of HMs were retained by the rapeseed meal) for B. rapa than B. napus. This was attributed to a high HM binding protein content of B. rapa seed. Health risks to humans were assessed using a probabilistic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk was mainly (97.1%–99.9%) caused by Cd and poses more concern than non-carcinogenic risk. Stronger health risks are posed by mechanically pressed than solvent-extracted oil, and higher carcinogenic risks are posed to people living in rural areas than urban areas. Substitute planting with B. rapa and extracting oil with organic solvent (preferably subcritical low-temperature butane) are optimal for safely utilizing Cd/Pb-contaminated soil. Attention should be paid to the health risks posed by Cd in oil to rural populations.     

Avian Mortality at Oil Pits in the United States: A Review of the Problem and Efforts for Its Solution

Oil production operations produce waste fluids that may be stored in pits, open tanks, and other sites accessible to wildlife. Birds visit these fluid-filled pits and tanks (“oil pits”), which often resemble water sources, and may become trapped and die. The US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has a program to reduce these impacts by locating problem pits, documenting mortality of protected wildlife species, and seeking cleanup or corrective action at problem pits with the help of state and federal agencies regulating the oil industry. Species identification and verification of protected status for birds recovered from oil pits are performed at the USFWS National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory. From 1992 to 2005, a minimum of 2060 individual birds were identified from remains recovered from oil pits, representing 172 species from 44 families. The taxonomic and ecological diversity of these birds indicates that oil pits pose a threat to virtually all species of birds that encounter them. Ninety-two percent of identified bird remains belonged to protected species. Most remains identified at the Forensics Laboratory were from passerines, particularly ground-foraging species. Based on Forensics Laboratory and USFWS field data, oil pits currently cause the deaths of 500,000–1 million birds per year. Although law enforcement and industry efforts have produced genuine progress on this issue, oil pits remain a significant source of mortality for birds in the United States.     

Identifying Potential Conflict Associated with Oil and Gas Exploration in Texas State Coastal Waters: A Multicriteria Spatial Analysis

Recent interest in expanding offshore oil production within waters of the United States has been met with opposition by groups concerned with recreational, environmental, and aesthetic values associated with the coastal zone. Although the proposition of new oil platforms off the coast has generated conflict over how coastal resources should be utilized, little research has been conducted on where these user conflicts might be most intense and which sites might be most suitable for locating oil production facilities in light of the multiple, and often times, competing interests. In this article, we develop a multiple-criteria spatial decision support tool that identifies the potential degree of conflict associated with oil and gas production activities for existing lease tracts in the coastal margin of Texas. We use geographic information systems to measure and map a range of potentially competing representative values impacted by establishing energy extraction infrastructure and then spatially identify which leased tracts are the least contentious sites for oil and gas production in Texas state waters. Visual and statistical results indicate that oil and gas lease blocks within the study area vary in their potential to generate conflict among multiple stakeholders.     

细水雾抑制熄灭K类火有效性的实验研究

本文通过全尺寸模拟实验研究了细水雾与K类火的相互作用,利用LDV／APV激光多普勒分析仪对细水雾特性进行了测量,分析了细水雾的粒径、速度及雾动量对灭火有效性的影响规律。分别改变喷头类型、工作压力、喷头与火源的垂直距离及喷射角度进行多种工况的灭火实验,结果表明,细水雾的灭火有效性随着压力的增大得到明显提高,喷头的雾化性能直接影响着细水雾的灭火有效性,同时喷射角度及喷射距离也影响着细水雾的灭火有效性。本文为细水雾灭火技术用于厨房环境的火灾防护提供了科学的参考依据和必要的设计参数。