Ambient levels of atmospheric carbonyls in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games

The measurements of atmospheric carbonyls concentrations in Beijing were conducted from 12 July to 8 October, 2008, covering the periods of the 2008 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. Six carbonyls, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, butyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, and hexaldehyde, were identified in all air samples. The total average concentrations of these carbonyls before, during, and after traffic restriction were (48.1 ± 15.2), (36.6 ± 14.5) and (23.4 ± 12.3) μg/m3, respectively. Compared with the period after traffic restriction, the distinct high concentrations of the carbonyls before and during traffic restriction were primarily ascribed to the remarkable contribution of photochemical reactions. With respect to our previous investigation in the summer of 2005, the reductions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone during traffic restriction period were about 64%, 47% and 27%, respectively, indicating that the air cleaning actions adopted by the Chinese government for the two games were efficient. The lowest levels of atmospheric carbonyls and the extremely high composition proportion of acetone after the traffic restriction were mainly attributed to the long-term effect of the control measures for the two games.     

The eco-origins, actions and demonstration roles of Beijing Green Olympic Game

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南京青奥期间污染减排对空气质量影响研究

为评估污染减排对南京青奥期间空气质量影响,利用排放系数法估算减排量,利用敏感系数分析管控措施有效性.结果表明:经过8月份的强力减排,SO2、NO2、PM2.5、PM10、CO与VOCs减排量分别为3438、4402、3177、7249、15890与4052 t,减排比例分别为-29%、-25%、-45%、-65%、-26%、-22%;环境空气中SO2、NO2、PM2.5、PM10、CO与O3浓度环比7月分别下降了-18.8%、-15.0%、-37.0%、-35.4%、-7.1%与-50.4%;敏感系数排序为:O3>PM2.5>SO2>NO2>PM10>CO,除了O3外,其余污染物浓度下降比例小于减排比例,说明要取得一定空气质量改善,需要付出更多的减排努力.     

Particle size distribution and characteristics of heavy metals in road-deposited sediments from Beijing Olympic Park

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, heavy metals in road-deposited sediments(RDSs) of parks are emitted into the terrestrial, atmospheric, and water environment, and have a severe impact on residents' and tourists' health. To identify the distribution and characteristic of heavy metals in RDS and to assess the road environmental quality in Chinese parks, samples were collected from Beijing Olympic Park in the present study. The results indicated that particles with small grain size(150 μm) were the dominant fraction. The length of dry period was one of the main factors affecting the particle size distribution, as indicated by the variation of size fraction with the increase of dry days. The amount of heavy metal(i.e., Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) content was the largest in particles with small size(150 μm) among all samples. Specifically, the percentage of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in these particles was 74.7%, 55.5%, 56.6% and 71.3%, respectively.Heavy metals adsorbed in sediments may mainly be contributed by road traffic emissions. The contamination levels of Pb and Cd were higher than Cu and Zn on the basis of the mean heavy metal contents. Specifically, the geoaccumulation index(I geo) decreased in the order:CdPbCuZn. This study analyzed the mobility of heavy metals in sediments using partial sequential extraction with the Tessier procedure. The results revealed that the apparent mobility and potential metal bioavailability of heavy metals in the sediments, based on the exchangeable and carbonate fractions, decreased in the order: CdZn≈PbCu.     

南京青奥会空气质量监测保障的经验与思考

从空气质量保障目标、监测网络、预测预报、信息发布、科研课题等角度,对比分析了南京青奥会、北京奥运会、上海世博会、广州亚运会等4大赛事/活动的空气质量监测保障体系,总结了南京青奥会在空气流动监测车布设、空气质量专家会商与信息发布等方面的经验得失,并提出了改善建议。     

南京青奥会空气质量保障管控措施效果评估

2014年青奥会期间,长三角地区低温高湿静稳的不利气象条件增加了空气质量保障难度。在环境保护部统一协调和江苏省委省政府的有力指挥下,南京市及周边城市通过控电、控煤、控车、控尘及部分重点企业限产停产等措施,实现了赛事期间南京市空气质量100%达标。联合观测结果显示,南京市空气中SO_2、NO_2,硫酸盐、钙离子、EC等浓度明显下降,说明管控措施得力有效。评估分析表明,燃煤和工业排放是PM2.5的主要来源,控制扬尘是降低PM_(2.5)最直接有效的方式,机动车污染不容忽视,强力管控措施可以有效改善空气质量。     

奥运湖不同补水方案营养状态趋势分析

规划中的奥运湖位于奥林匹克公园，运行中将采用人工补水方式。为保证未来奥运湖的正常景观生态功能，源水经奥运公园中人工湿地处理后再引入湖中。在规划设计阶段，提出三种补水方案：（1）清河再生水厂出水经湿地处理后入湖，（2）清河河水经湿地处理后入湖，（3）经湿地处理达地表水环境标准中的Ⅳ类水要求后入湖。为了考察不同水源补水方案对奥运湖的水质保障程度，本研究对不同方案下奥运公园湖水质的时间、空间变化过程予以模拟，分析评价奥运湖可能出现的富营养化状况，并对各个补水方案带来的富营养化风险和基本成因予以推断，为奥运湖的设计运行提供技术依据。结果表明，方案3的富营养化风险最小、水质保障程度最高。结合三种补水方案水质特点，推断磷是主要限制因子，所以控制磷的浓度是保证水质安全、降低富营养化风险的重要途径。     

我国劳动保护产业发展对策研究

劳动保护作为职业安全健康的重要领域 ,对劳动者及相关人员的安全具有积极的促进作用 ,由于劳动保护产业市场化不足 ,整体产业缺乏战略发展规划 ,现有产业发展已跟不上现代社会需求变化的步伐。笔者通过对劳动保护产业宏观环境及产业竞争力的分析 ,揭示了目前该产业发展过程中面临的困难和瓶颈 ;建议在政府积极引导的基础上 ,走市场化道路 ;通过加强安全文化建设、吸取SARS的教训、利用WTO及奥运会等事件的严峻挑战和大好机遇。     

北京申奥宣传中应体现可持续发展理念的几点建议

可持续发展已经作为一种理念成为全人类的共识和共同的追求。北京中奥应集中体现中国作为发展中国家的特点,可用持续发展理念来指导绿色奥运、人文奥运、科技奥运,打好三结合这张牌。     

南京青奥会期间不同天气条件下大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的分布特征

为研究青奥会期间不同天气条件下水溶性离子粒径分布特征,使用β射线测尘仪、安德森9级采样器和IC型离子色谱分析仪对南京2014-08-06~2014-09-04的PM_(2.5)、水溶性离子进行观测分析.将观测期间划分为晴天、雨天和阴天这3种天气类型.PM_(2.5)在不同天气条件下的平均浓度为晴天阴天雨天.PM_(1.1)、PM_(1.1~2.1)和PM_(2.1~10)中水溶性离子的浓度均是晴天阴天雨天,且降雨过程对细粒子的去除作用更为明显.Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)谱分布类似,呈双峰分布,降雨对SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+在0.65~1.1μm清除作用较强.不同天气条件下NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)比值均小于1,雨天和阴天时的NO-3/SO_4~(2-)值高于晴天.3种天气条件下SOR和NOR的值均大于0.1,SO_2和NO_2发生不同程度的二次转化,大气中存在更多的二次颗粒物.