一次光化学污染过程中O_3和NO_x的垂直梯度观测研究

为了研究2008年北京奥运会前期污染物浓度变化特征,对北京气象塔3层高度上的大气污染物(NO2和O3)进行加强观测,分析其变化特征。观测结果表明,由于北京奥运会前期采取了严格的空气质量控制措施,NO2浓度相对车辆限行前下降了45.3%,且随着高度递增逐渐降低;O3浓度最大值和日均值有所降低,其最大值出现时间较10年前提前了1~2 h,且有4 h左右处于相对平稳状态。O3浓度峰值主要是受NO2的控制,O3浓度峰值出现时间提前反映出北京大气氧化效率不断提高。对于观测期间出现光化学污染事件,利用同期气象资料和大气污染监测数据分析,发现造成这次大气污染的主要原因是气象因子:地面多处于弱高压场控制中,大气层结稳定,风力较弱(小于2 m/s),并伴随着连续高温、强辐射和低湿。     

Mutagenic properties of PM2.5 air pollution in the Padana Plain (Italy) before and in the course of XX Winter Olympic Games of "Torino 2006"

PM2.5 is one of the most important aspects of environmental health. This air pollutant is breathable and it is implicated in several chronic adverse health effects such as the decrease of respiratory functionality and cancer. Several in vitro bioassays are able to predict the mutagenic/carcinogenic activity of the environmental pollutants and mixtures of them. In this study PM2.5 air pollution was daily monitored in three cities located in the Northern part of Italy and the mutagenic properties of the PM2.5 organic extracts were also assessed. Samplings lasted 14 months and cover the period of the Winter Olympic Games of "Torino 2006". In this work, the levels of PM2.5, its mutagenic properties (detected with Salmonella typhimurium assay), the role of the Olympic Games as environmental factor and some meteorological data are discussed. The mean concentration of PM2.5 measured in Torino was 45.4 (+/-30.6) microg/m(3), in Pavia 37.6 (+/-25.6) microg/m(3), in Verona 43.1 (+/-28.5) microg/m(3). Findings of the monthly pool bioassay were in Torino 107 (+/-104) net revertans/m(3), in Pavia 108 (+/-89) net revertans/m(3), in Verona 128 (+/-109) net revertans/m(3). The Olympic Games period data show that PM2.5 pollution and its load of mutagenic potential are different and partially independent phenomena. The Olympic Games had not a great impact on the PM2.5 pollution. The exclusive PM2.5 gravimetric analysis shows a potential human risk if compared with the latest international guide values but it does not describe exhaustively the human health risk associated to the presence of this particular air pollutant. Moreover, the chemical and biological activity qualification of the PM organic extracts as a whole, can instead improve the knowledge.     

多模式模拟评估奥运赛事期间可吸入颗粒物减排效果

以空气质量多模式系统为工具,分析奥运赛事期间可吸入颗粒物(PM10)浓度大幅减小特征,从气象场和排放源两方面研究PM10浓度大幅减小的主要原因.多模式系统由嵌套网格空气质量模式(NAQPMS)、通用空气质量多尺度模式(CMAQ)和复杂大气空气质量三维模式(CAMx)3个空气质量复合模型组成,并以中尺度气象模式(MM5)和稀疏矩阵排放处理模型(SMOKE)提供统一气象场及排放源.研究对比2006年8月、2008年8月两组气象条件下北京PM10浓度水平及模拟效果,结果表明奥运赛事期间PM10浓度大幅减小的主要原因不是气象因素,而是由于额外措施引起的PM10排放减少.同时采用多模式系统数值模拟反向评估,获得北京奥运赛事期间奥运控制及额外减排措施引起的PM10减排量,结果表明,奥运赛事期间所有额外控制措施对颗粒物浓度效果相当于在2008年8月气象条件下,削减大约200t.d-1的无组织PM10排放,相当于北京正常时期PM10排放的50%.     

北京奥运时段河北香河大气污染观测研究

为监测评估周边地区大气污染对北京的可能影响,2008年6～9月北京奥运时段,在北京东南方向河北香河开展了大气污染物SO2、NOx、O3、PM2.5和PM10的连续在线观测,结合地面气象资料和HYSPLIT轨迹模式探讨了污染物的来源与传输过程.结果表明,香河地区大气污染较为严重,上述污染物观测期间日均最高值(日均值±标准差)分别达到84.4(13.4±15.2)、43.3(15.9±9.1)、230(82±38)、184(76±42)和248(113±52)μg.m-3,特别在奥运会开幕前后的7月20日～8月12日之间出现了2次持续污染过程,导致O3和PM10分别超过国家二级标准46 h(超标率9%)和11 d(46%),PM2.5则超过美国EPA标准18 d(75%).奥运时段8～9月的大气污染物日均值较6～7月日均值有明显降低:SO2从27.7μg.m-3下降到5.8μg.m-3;NOx从18.6μg.m-3下降到13.2μg.m-3;O3从96μg.m-3下降到80μg.m-3;PM2.5从90μg.m-3下降到60μg.m-3;PM10从127μg.m-3下降到106μg.m-3.NOx、PM2.5和PM10统计(月为单位)日变化为双峰型,峰值分别出现在07:00和20:00左右;臭氧呈单峰型,峰值出现在14:00～16:00之间.香河地区大气污染受局地排放和外源输送共同影响,持续的偏南气流易造成污染物积累,而偏北气流有利于污染物扩散,降水可明显清除大气中的污染物质.通过计算7月20日～8月12日香河和北京奥运村PM2.5小时平均浓度之间的超前相关系数,发现香河超前北京6～10 h时相关性较大(0.57r0.65,p=0.01),最大相关系数出现在超前8 h,表明上述时间段内香河实时观测数据对北京大气PM2.5污染超标事件可能具有预警作用.     

奥运龙形水系防污及景观生态系统构建

结合北京奥运的重点工程——龙形水系的生态系统建设,充分应用大型水草的生态功能,从底泥的活性处理、微生物的引种固化、水生动、植物系统的构建三方面提出了人工生态系统建设方案,方案注重水系的防污及景观功能。     

奥运期间北京交通环境细颗粒物中多环芳烃特征研究

采用GC/MS测定了奥运空气质量保障措施实施期间(2008年8月)及非奥运时段(2008年6月、2009年8月)北京市北四环道路边PM2.5中12种优控PAHs含量,并应用特征化合物比值法对PAHs来源进行了识别.研究表明,奥运空气质量保障措施实施期问PAHs总浓度平均为4.77 ng·m-3,较非奥运时段下降了59%...     

以青奥会为契机南京城市环境问题调查与对策

围绕南京城市环境主要问题对国际访客和南京市民进行调查,分别发放186和205份问卷,其中有效问卷为178和200份,回收率分别为95.7%和97.6%,使用拟合优度方法检验。结果表明,国际访客对南京城市环境的满意度明显低于南京市民;国际访客对旅游区环境更看重;两者都认为视觉环境中的户外广告、城市绿化和城市扬尘是南京主要城市环境问题,而政府和普通市民是最应该对南京城市环境问题负责的群体,但南京市民更倾向把环保问题推给政府。围绕调查问卷中所反映的3大主要环境问题,本研究还对北京、新加坡、美国加利福尼亚州等国内外先进地区进行案例分析和经验总结,可为解决南京城市环境问题提供新的思路。     

北京2008奥运期间PM10的单颗粒形貌类型及生物活性研究

采集2008年北京奥运会期间大气PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)样品,计算质量浓度,得出奥运会期间大气污染水平.利用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和图像分析技术对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的形貌特征和粒度分布进行分析.同时应用质粒DNA 评价法研究了奥运会期间PM_(10)样品的生物活性.结果表明,奥运会期间可吸入颗粒物质量浓度日均值均符合国家2级标准,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的比值为0.63,以细粒子PM_(2.5)为主.奥运期间PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)样品的微观形貌主要为球形颗粒、烟尘集合体、不规则矿物和未知细颗粒,其中球形颗粒和未知细颗粒占有相当大的数量比例.PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)数量-粒度呈单峰分布,主要分布在0.1～0.4 μm范围内.PM_(10)的体积-粒度呈双峰分布,主要分布在0.4～0.5 μm和1～2.5 μm范围内,PM_(2.5)主要分布在1～2.5 μm范围内.质粒DNA 评价结果表明,北京2008奥运期间可吸入颗粒物生物活性明显降低,要达到20%的损伤需要的颗粒物剂量浓度在180 μg·mL~(-1)以上,明显高于2004年的63 μg·mL~(-1),可见奥运期间大气颗粒物对人体危害比往年减小.     

Effects of Tourists on Behavior and Demography of Olympic Marmots

Abstract:  If changes in animal behavior resulting from direct human disturbance negatively affect the persistence of a given species or population, then these behavioral changes must necessarily lead to reduced demographic performance. We tested for the effects of human disturbance on Olympic marmots ( Marmota olympus ), a large ground-dwelling squirrel that has disappeared from several areas where recreation levels are high. We assessed the degree to which antipredator and foraging behavior and demographic rates (survival and reproduction) differed between sites with high recreation levels (high use) and those with little or no recreation (low use). Compared with the marmots at low-use sites, marmots at high-use sites displayed significantly reduced responses to human approach, which could be construed as successful accommodation of disturbance or as a decrease in predator awareness. The marmots at high-use sites also looked up more often while foraging, which suggests an increased wariness. Marmots at both types of sites had comparable reproductive and survival rates and were in similar body condition. Until now, the supposition that marmots can adjust their behavior to avoid negative demographic consequences when confronted with heavy tourism has been based on potentially ambiguous behavioral data. Our results support this hypothesis in the case of Olympic marmots and demonstrate the importance of considering demographic data when evaluating the impacts of recreation on animal populations.     

南京青奥会环境保障经验及后青奥环境监管对策研究

文章介绍了南京在青奥会环境保障方面的管控措施与取得的成效,认为南京青奥环境保障成功的关键在于高效畅通的运行机制、强力有效的控污手段、不遗余力的执法监管、紧密配合的区域联防、以及科技支撑的科学决策。最后,从构建南京都市圈生态环保一体化格局、实施重点片区工业布局优化调整、淘汰落后产能、建立环境执法高压严管长效机制等方面,提出了后青奥时代南京加强环境监管、改善环境质量的对策与建议。