南京青奥会空气质量保障工作的回顾与启示

分析了青奥会期间南京及周边城市空气质量状况;总结了保障青奥会空气质量的管控措施以及得到的启示。提出,青奥会保障机制应常态化,切实加快工业结构调整,全面控制燃煤污染,深入推进重点领域污染治理,夯实工作基础和能力。     

2001年～2008年及奥运会期间天津市大气污染特征分析

根据天津市大气质量监测数据,对2001年～2008年及奥运会期间天津市大气污染特征和主要大气污染物的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明,2001年～2008年天津市的PM10、SO2和NO2污染总体呈下降趋势,但质量浓度仍相对较高。2008年8月奥运会期间天津市PM10和SO2质量浓度达到国家空气质量二级标准,NO2质量浓度达到国家空气质量一级标准,空气质量良好。天津市PM10污染相对稳定,SO2和NO2的污染分布呈现明显的季节性,时间上表现为冬强夏弱。气象条件对污染物浓度影响明显,沙尘、大雾等天气可使污染物浓度急剧升高。     

2014年北京奥体中心空气质量演变特征

利用中国环境监测总站发布的实时大气环境监测资料,选择北京国家奥林匹克体育中心(下称北京奥体中心)为研究对象,分析了2014年全年北京奥体中心空气质量演变特征. 结果表明:①2014年全年北京奥体中心首要污染污染物为PM_2.5,其次是NO₂,而PM_2.5和PM₁₀出现中度污染以上的污染事件主要集中在冬季和春末秋初;②PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、O₃和CO等主要污染物的年均质量浓度分别为89.75、141.12、21.83、64.26、48.60和1 210 μg/m3. 其中年均ρ(PM_2.5)是GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值(35 μg/m3)的2.6倍,年均ρ(PM₁₀)也是其二级标准限值(70 μg/m3)的2.0倍,年均ρ(SO₂)略高于其一级标准限值(20 μg/m3),而年均ρ(NO₂)则高于其标准限值(40 μg/m3);③北京奥体中心全年逐月ρ(SO₂)/ρ(NO₂)都小于1.00,年均值为0.37,反映出北京目前硝酸型污染特征越来越明显;④针对不同污染等级下各类污染物质量浓度的分析结果显示,严重污染时ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁₀)平均值分别高达324.75和494.98 μg/m3,分别是世界卫生组织(WHO)《空气质量准则》推荐24 h平均浓度准则值的13和10倍,其浓度如此之高会对人体健康造成严重危害;⑤ρ(PM_2.5)年均24 h变化趋势表明,ρ(PM_2.5)具有明显的日变化特征,出现2个峰值,高峰值出现在午夜时分(23:00—翌日01:00),次高峰值出现在上午(09:00—11:00),最低值出现在下午(15:00—17:00),次低谷值则出现在凌晨(05:00—07:00),说明ρ(PM_2.5)除与混合层高度日变化特征密切相关外,还与人们的日常生活有一定联系.      

南京青奥会空气质量保障监测工作体系研究

根据南京青奥会空气质量保障目标,建立了青奥会环境空气质量保障监测体系。青奥会期间,实时监控了区域空气质量状况,科学预测了空气质量未来变化趋势,成功发布了大气污染预警,启动了应急联动措施,为青奥会空气质量保障提供了科学的技术支撑。     

以青奥会为契机南京城市环境问题调查与对策

围绕南京城市环境主要问题对国际访客和南京市民进行调查,分别发放186和205份问卷,其中有效问卷为178和200份,回收率分别为95.7%和97.6%,使用拟合优度方法检验。结果表明,国际访客对南京城市环境的满意度明显低于南京市民;国际访客对旅游区环境更看重;两者都认为视觉环境中的户外广告、城市绿化和城市扬尘是南京主要城市环境问题,而政府和普通市民是最应该对南京城市环境问题负责的群体,但南京市民更倾向把环保问题推给政府。围绕调查问卷中所反映的3大主要环境问题,本研究还对北京、新加坡、美国加利福尼亚州等国内外先进地区进行案例分析和经验总结,可为解决南京城市环境问题提供新的思路。     

南京青奥会环境保障经验及后青奥环境监管对策研究

文章介绍了南京在青奥会环境保障方面的管控措施与取得的成效,认为南京青奥环境保障成功的关键在于高效畅通的运行机制、强力有效的控污手段、不遗余力的执法监管、紧密配合的区域联防、以及科技支撑的科学决策。最后,从构建南京都市圈生态环保一体化格局、实施重点片区工业布局优化调整、淘汰落后产能、建立环境执法高压严管长效机制等方面,提出了后青奥时代南京加强环境监管、改善环境质量的对策与建议。     

Inventing the future: scenarios, imagination, mastery and control

The complexity of mixed social, behavioral, and natural systems—such as those encountered while analyzing, understanding, and trying to manage aspects of climate change and sustainability, requires more common theoretical frameworks and technical tools than either can bear. How does human activity relate to greenhouse gas emissions, changes in the atmosphere, climate variability, and multiple impacts, outcomes, and effects? Some of the connections can be observed and measured, many cannot. Uncertainties of every conceivable sort can occur. As the time frame into the future extends, uncertainties essentially dominate conventional theories, tools, experiences, habits, processes, and so forth. The scientific consensus linking human activity to climate change is now all but settled according to The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The consensus says little, however, about who should be doing what and for what reasons under this singular, even unique circumstance. There are no data about the future on which to rely. We are challenged to imagine many different and possible “futures” as humankind seeks to exert its mastery and control. This essay considers and then weaves together several basic issues, ideas, and topics: complexity, the concept of human intentionality, several means used to exert control in organizations and social systems, and different methods being used to imagine, invent, and communicate the future.     

奥运龙形水系防污及景观生态系统构建

结合北京奥运的重点工程——龙形水系的生态系统建设,充分应用大型水草的生态功能,从底泥的活性处理、微生物的引种固化、水生动、植物系统的构建三方面提出了人工生态系统建设方案,方案注重水系的防污及景观功能。     

Mutagenic properties of PM2.5 air pollution in the Padana Plain (Italy) before and in the course of XX Winter Olympic Games of "Torino 2006"

PM2.5 is one of the most important aspects of environmental health. This air pollutant is breathable and it is implicated in several chronic adverse health effects such as the decrease of respiratory functionality and cancer. Several in vitro bioassays are able to predict the mutagenic/carcinogenic activity of the environmental pollutants and mixtures of them. In this study PM2.5 air pollution was daily monitored in three cities located in the Northern part of Italy and the mutagenic properties of the PM2.5 organic extracts were also assessed. Samplings lasted 14 months and cover the period of the Winter Olympic Games of "Torino 2006". In this work, the levels of PM2.5, its mutagenic properties (detected with Salmonella typhimurium assay), the role of the Olympic Games as environmental factor and some meteorological data are discussed. The mean concentration of PM2.5 measured in Torino was 45.4 (+/-30.6) microg/m(3), in Pavia 37.6 (+/-25.6) microg/m(3), in Verona 43.1 (+/-28.5) microg/m(3). Findings of the monthly pool bioassay were in Torino 107 (+/-104) net revertans/m(3), in Pavia 108 (+/-89) net revertans/m(3), in Verona 128 (+/-109) net revertans/m(3). The Olympic Games period data show that PM2.5 pollution and its load of mutagenic potential are different and partially independent phenomena. The Olympic Games had not a great impact on the PM2.5 pollution. The exclusive PM2.5 gravimetric analysis shows a potential human risk if compared with the latest international guide values but it does not describe exhaustively the human health risk associated to the presence of this particular air pollutant. Moreover, the chemical and biological activity qualification of the PM organic extracts as a whole, can instead improve the knowledge.     

Effects of Tourists on Behavior and Demography of Olympic Marmots

Abstract:  If changes in animal behavior resulting from direct human disturbance negatively affect the persistence of a given species or population, then these behavioral changes must necessarily lead to reduced demographic performance. We tested for the effects of human disturbance on Olympic marmots ( Marmota olympus ), a large ground-dwelling squirrel that has disappeared from several areas where recreation levels are high. We assessed the degree to which antipredator and foraging behavior and demographic rates (survival and reproduction) differed between sites with high recreation levels (high use) and those with little or no recreation (low use). Compared with the marmots at low-use sites, marmots at high-use sites displayed significantly reduced responses to human approach, which could be construed as successful accommodation of disturbance or as a decrease in predator awareness. The marmots at high-use sites also looked up more often while foraging, which suggests an increased wariness. Marmots at both types of sites had comparable reproductive and survival rates and were in similar body condition. Until now, the supposition that marmots can adjust their behavior to avoid negative demographic consequences when confronted with heavy tourism has been based on potentially ambiguous behavioral data. Our results support this hypothesis in the case of Olympic marmots and demonstrate the importance of considering demographic data when evaluating the impacts of recreation on animal populations.