某工业场地砷污染的加密布点优化与精度对比分析

场地污染调查是开展场地风险评估和修复的基础,随着我国颁布建设用地土壤风险管控标准等文件,提出风险筛选值和管制值的分级管控体系,我国土壤污染调查工作对于精确掌握污染物浓度梯度及空间分布有了更高的要求,因而如何构建高效采样布点方法变得尤为重要.本研究以南京市某砷工业污染场地为例,开展了优化布点方法与调查精度的研究.首先,在初查数据的基础上,运用指示克里格的方法预测土壤污染概率,参考城市土壤背景值开展阈值设定,提取加密布点区域,之后结合场地历史生产资料与自然信息布设加密点位,最终将插值预测污染结果与非加密、均匀加密、真实情况结果进行对比,验证方法精度.结果表明：本方法符合国际中基于设计抽样以达到场地调查简单、经济、客观的理念,适用于数据存在明显空间相关性的场地;该方法获得的污染区域面积占比为8.32%,与8.57%的现实情况较为接近,但普通法得到的污染面积比相对未加密情况不升反降,可能的原因是在非污染区域增设点位会造成阈值边缘区域在模拟时往清洁区域偏移,污染区域被误判为清洁,反而造成结果偏差;在目前我国环境管理对超阈范围重点关注的背景下,该方法既能够节约布点成本,又精确化预测场地污染超标范围,为后续的场地修复和治理工作提供帮助.     

爆炸事故原因调查的研究

爆炸事故原因调查可以提供一些有用的信息 ,以避免同类事故的发生。笔者介绍了调查爆炸事故原因所需的材料 ,提出了爆炸事故调查相关的主要内容以及爆炸现场勘查的组织指挥 ,并以一个爆炸事故的调查作为实例进行了讨论。     

高密度电法在采空区勘测中的应用

通过一工程勘测实例,分析了高密度电法中常用的Wennerα装置和四极测深装置(Wenner-Schlumberger)的适应特征.认为,勘测浅层(如15m内)的采空区或地质灾害异常体时,以四极测深装置为好,对深层(如50m以上)则用Wenner装置为好.地层性质和饱水状态不同地区所测的视电阻率,即使在同一深度(或层位)上,其所表达的意义是不同的,不能用这种资料来作平面等值线图并以此图件来寻找采空区或其它地质灾害异常体.     

Researchers’ Experiences, Positive and Negative, in Integrative Landscape Projects

Integrative (interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary) landscape research projects are becoming increasingly common. As a result, researchers are spending a larger proportion of their professional careers doing integrative work, participating in shifting interdisciplinary teams, and cooperating directly with non-academic participants. Despite the growing importance of integrative research, few studies have investigated researchers’ experiences in these projects. How do researchers perceive the outcomes of integrative projects, or career effects? Do they view the projects generally as successes or failures? This study analyses researchers’ experiences in integrative landscape studies and investigates what factors shape these experiences. The data stems from 19 semi-structured qualitative interviews and a Web-based survey among 207 participants in integrative landscape research projects. It finds that researchers experience participation in integrative projects as positive, in particular discussions among participants, networking, teamwork, and gaining new insights and skills. Furthermore, most researchers perceive the projects as successful and as having a positive effect on their careers. Less positive aspects of integration relate to publications and merit points. Factors found to contribute to positive experiences include reaching a high degree of integration amongst the involved disciplines, common definitions of integrative research concepts, and projects that include a large share of fundamental research as well as projects with many project outcomes. Based on these findings, we advise future projects to plan for integration, facilitate discussions, and reach agreement on integrative concepts. We suggest that aspects of fundamental research be included in integrative projects. We also suggest that planning be done at an early stage for peer-reviewed publications, to ensure that participants gain merit points from their participation in integrative research efforts.     

FOREST GROWTH IMPACT ON PEAK SNOW PACK MEASUREMENTS AT LONG TERM SNOW COURSES1

ABSTRACT: Snow course surveys in late winter provide stream‐flow forecasters with their best information for making water supply and flood forecasts for the subsequent spring and summer runoff period in mountainous regions of western North America. Snow survey data analyses are generally based on a 30‐year “normal” period. It is well documented that forest cover changes over time will affect snow accumulation on the ground within forests. This paper seeks to determine if forest cover changes over decades at long term snow courses decrease measured peak snow water equivalent (SWE) enough to affect runoff prediction. Annual peak SWE records were analyzed at four snow courses in two different forest types having at least 25 years of snowpack data to detect any decreases in SWE due to forest growth. No statistically significant decreases in annual peak SWE over time were found at any of these four snow courses. The wide range of annual winter precipitation and correspondingly highly variable peak snowpack accumulation, as well as many other weather and site variables, masked any minor trends in the data.     

Regional Lake Trophic Patterns in the Northeastern United States: Three Approaches

N   = 11,076). Results were compared to a large, nonrandomly sampled data set for the same area compiled by Rohm and others and contrasted with lake trophic state information published in the National Water Quality Inventory: 1994 Report to Congress [305(b) report. Lakes across the entire Northeast were identified by EMAP data as 37.9% (±8.4%) oligotrophic, 40.1% (±9.7%) mesotrophic, 12.6% (±7.9%) eutrophic, and 9.3% (±6.3%) hypereutrophic. Lakes in the ADI and NEU generally are at a low, nearly identical trophic state (96% oligotrophic/mesotrophic), while those in the CLP are much richer (45% eutrophic). EMAP results are similar to results of the Rohm data set across the entire region. In the CLP, however, EMAP identified approximately 45% of the lakes as eutrophic/hypereutrophic, while the Rohm data set identified only 21% in these categories. Across the entire Northeast, the 305(b) report identified a much higher proportion (32.2%) of lakes in eutrophic condition and a much smaller proportion (19.8%) in oligotrophic condition than did the EMAP survey data (12.5% ± 7.9% and 37.9% ± 8.5%, respectively). Probability sampling has several advantages over nonrandom sampling when regional resource condition assessment is the goal.     

苍山5.2级地震的宏观烈度特征

以实地考察资料为基础,确定了１９９５年９月２０日苍山５２级地震宏观震中,地震等震线、发震构造,并对地震趋势进行了预测。研究结果表明,苍山５２级地震的宏观震中位于苍山县沂堂乡台井和塞子一带（北纬３４°５８５′,东经１１８°０８′）;工程地质和地形地貌条件,构造环境和震源破裂是影响地震烈度分布的主要因素;其发震构造系共轭破裂,北西向为主破裂,北东向为辅助破裂;研究认为本次地震发生在一条规模较小的北西向断层上,未来相当长一段时间内沿这条断层不会再发生５级以上地震。     

Effects of Management of Domestic Dogs and Recreation on Carnivores in Protected Areas in Northern California

Abstract: In developed countries dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are permitted to accompany human visitors to many protected areas (e.g., >96% of protected lands in California, U.S.A.), and protected‐area management often focuses on regulating dogs due to concerns about predation, competition, or transmission of disease and conflicts with human visitors. In 2004 and 2005, we investigated whether carnivore species richness and abundance were associated with management of domestic dogs and recreational visitation in protected areas in northern California. We surveyed for mammalian carnivores and human visitors in 21 recreation areas in which dogs were allowed offleash or onleash or were excluded, and we compared our observations in the recreation areas with observations in seven reference sites that were not open to the public. Carnivore abundance and species richness did not differ among the three types of recreation areas, but native carnivore species richness was 1.7 times greater (p < 0.01) and the relative abundances of native coyotes (Canis latrans) and bobcats (Lynx rufus) were over four times greater (p < 0.01) in the reference sites. Abundances of bobcats and all carnivores declined as the number of visitors increased. The policy on domestic dogs did not appear to affect species richness and abundance of mammalian carnivores. But the number of dogs we observed was strongly associated with human visitation (R²= 0.54), so the key factors associated with recreational effects on carnivores appear to be the presence and number of human visitors to protected areas.     

把握矿产远景调查项目的实践定位

在战略性矿产资源远景调查项目的实施过程中,正确把握项目的工作内容、工作方法和工作程度,做好与其他相关地质工作的合理衔接,是工作实践的难点。笔者认为:矿产远景调查是与区域地质调查有着不同目的、不同调查内容、不同研究内容的矿产地质工作;与地质科研的区别,是要采用矿产勘查的工作方法,注重野外实地测量,依照地质工作的相关规范和标准,形成服务于国家目标的公共地质资料产品;作为矿产勘查的前期基础,要为预查提交找矿靶区和新的矿产地。     

基于大样本量的地震死亡率与建筑物倒塌率关系研究

本文以1976年唐山Ms7．8地震震害普查数据为基础，选取丰富的统计样本，采用地理信息软件建立地震死亡率、建筑物倒塌率分布图，揭示出唐山地震灾区高震亡率和高劁塌率呈线性集中沿唐山断裂带分布，在河道、古湖泊和砂土液化地区也存在震害高值区。基于丰富的统计样本，获得了唐山地震死亡率与建筑物倒塌率的非线性关系式。