云南省小学生环保教育现状调查研究

对全省小学生生态教育现状的抽样调查表明，由于环保教育在学校定位较低，教师自身环保意识不高等原因，云南小学生态教育总体水平较低，应确立环保教育在小学的地位，制定目标，营造氛围，发挥教师主导作用，利用第二课堂，切实加强对小学生的环保教育。     

包头市放射性污染源现状及污染防治对策

通过对全市放射性污染源现状调查 ,摸清了全市放射性源的种类、数量、分布及放射性污染物排放现状以及存在的主要环境问题 ,针对存在的问题 ,提出了减轻污染的防治对策     

合肥地震台地下电性层研究

本文介绍在合肥台地电布极区进行十字电测深的勘选测量方法,根据电测深数据反演观测场地地下介质电性结构,就多解性问题进行了讨论。     

广东耕地地力调查与质量评价试点工作的成果及其应用展望

根据农业部的布置，广东省选择佛山市高明区开展耕地地力调查与质量评价试点工作。查清了高明区耕地等级及其分布、土壤肥力状况、土壤及水源受污染的背景，建立了高明区耕地质量管理信息系统，为高明区土壤合理利用和改良、作物布局调整、肥料合理生产和正确施用、土地有偿使用、无公害优质农产品生产等提供了指导，也为今后全省各地开展该项工作提供了参考。     

临沂地区蔬菜主要有害物质的调查

通过对全区蔬菜地布点取样调查，探明了蔬菜中有害物质（硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、重金属、六六六、ＤＤＴ）以及６种重金属的残留量。结果表明，硝酸盐类是该区蔬菜中的主要有害物质，所检测的３种蔬菜中，硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的超标率分别为７８．３％和３３．６％；重金属含量大多数未超标；ＤＤＴ全部未检出；六六六超标率平均为４．３％。     

Estimator bias and efficiency for adaptive cluster sampling with order statistics and a stopping rule

Practical problems facing adaptive cluster sampling with order statistics (acsord) are explored using Monte Carlo simulation for three simulated fish populations and two known waterfowl populations. First, properties of an unbiased Hansen-Hurwitz (HH) estimator and a biased alternative Horvitz-Thompson (HT) estimator are evaluated. An increase in the level of population aggregation or the initial sample size increases the efficiencies of the two acsord estimators. For less aggregated fish populations, the efficiencies decrease as the order statistic parameter r (the number of units about which adaptive sampling is carried out) increases; for the highly aggregated fish and waterfowl populations, they increase with r. Acsord is almost always more efficient than simple random sampling for the highly aggregated populations. Positive bias is observed for the HT estimator, with the maximum bias usually occurring at small values of r. Secondly, a stopping rule at the Sth iteration of adaptive sampling beyond the initial sampling unit was applied to the acsord design to limit the otherwise open-ended sampling effort. The stopping rule induces relatively high positive bias to the HH estimator if the level of the population aggregation is high, the stopping level S is small, and r is large. The bias of HT is not very sensitive to the stopping rule and its bias is often reduced by the stopping rule at smaller values of r. For more aggregated populations, the stopping rule often reduces the efficiencies of the estimators compared to the non-stopping-rule scheme, but acsord still remains more efficient than simple random sampling. Despite its bias and lack of theoretical grounding, the HT estimator is usually more efficient than the HH estimator. In the stopping rule case, the HT estimator is preferable, because its bias is less sensitive to the stopping level.     

A comparison of periodic survey designs employing multi-stage sampling

Sampling designs considered for a national scale environmental monitoring programme are compared. Specifically, design strategies designed to monitor one aspect of this environmental programme, agro-ecosystem health, are assessed. Two types of panel survey designs are evaluated within the framework of two-stage sampling. Comparisons of these designs are discussed with regard to precision, cost, and other issues that need to be considered in planning long-term surveys. To compare precision, the underlying variance of a simple estimator of mean difference is derived for each of the two designs. A variance and cost model accounting for the different rotational sampling schemes across designs are developed. Optimum stage allocation for each design are assessed with the variance-cost models. The best choice of design varied with the conditions underlying the variance model and the degree of other sources of survey error expected in the programme.     

Efficient statistical mapping of avian count data

We develop a spatial modeling framework for count data that is efficient to implement in high-dimensional prediction problems. We consider spectral parameterizations for the spatially varying mean of a Poisson model. The spectral parameterization of the spatial process is very computationally efficient, enabling effective estimation and prediction in large problems using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. We apply this model to creating avian relative abundance maps from North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Variation in the ability of observers to count birds is modeled as spatially independent noise, resulting in over-dispersion relative to the Poisson assumption. This approach represents an improvement over existing approaches used for spatial modeling of BBS data which are either inefficient for continental scale modeling and prediction or fail to accommodate important distributional features of count data thus leading to inaccurate accounting of prediction uncertainty.     

Cultural Erosion and Biodiversity: Canoe-Making Knowledge in Pohnpei, Micronesia

Abstract:  Erosion of traditional knowledge and practice is a serious and accelerating problem, but quantitative work on traditional knowledge loss and its importance to biodiversity conservation is lacking. We investigated traditional knowledge of canoe making, a skill heavily dependent on plant biodiversity, on Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, through a survey of 180 island residents. Our results showed that there has been an intergenerational erosion of canoe-making skills. Given current trends, the present generation of Pohnpeians may be the last to retain any knowledge of this traditional craft. We also identified several correlates of knowledge loss—including Western educational level and occupation—that highlight potential avenues for skill conservation via governments, traditional leadership, and schools. These institutions could intervene to emphasize traditional knowledge, which would reinforce institutional contexts in which traditional knowledge and practice is valued. The heightened awareness of the value of biodiversity that is linked to traditional knowledge is key to biological conservation on Pohnpei and can help support local conservation programs.     

REGIONAL CHEMISTRY OF LAKES IN MASSACHUSETTS 1

ABSTRACT: We surveyed over 2000 lakes in the State of Massachusetts (1983–1984) to examine the spatial variations in their acid-base chemistry. Our survey differed from previous surveys by including small lakes and nonpristine urban lakes. For samples collected in October 1983 and 1984, the median acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) was 184 μeq L^?1 and 5.9 percent were acidic (ANC≤O). Small lakes (<4 ha) were more likely to be acidic than large lakes. Generally, sulfate was the dominant acidifying agent, although organic anions were dominant in some of the lakes in the Cape Cod Region. The ionic composition of the lakes showed strong regional patterns which appear to be related to geology and human population density. An analysis of variance of ANC shows the six regional categories in the state explain 51 percent of the variance, while a combined general linear model of lake drainage type, color, elevation, size, silica, and hydrogen ion deposition could explain only 4.9 percent of the variation in ANC. Calcium rich, high ionic strength lakes were present in the marble bedrock in the west, and relatively dilute lakes dominated by sodium and chloride were found near the coast. Chloride concentrations were also related to population density, suggesting road salt as a likely contributing source.