The interrelationships between resource-holding potential,resource-value and reproductive success in territorial males: How much variation can we explain?

A long-standing hypothesis in behavioural ecology posits that males with greater resource-holding potential (RHP) control resource sites deemed more valuable by sexually-receptive females and, thereby, males controlling such sites accrue greater reproductive success (RS). This hypothesis has historically been investigated using three separate but non-mutually exclusive relationships (male RHP vs. resource value, resource value vs. male RS and male RHP vs. RS). The relationships between these three variables are predicted to be strongly positive, however, due to measurement error and biological noise, perfect correlations (r = 1.0) are rare in biology even for well-established relationships. Moreover, the inaccurate identification of either the male trait(s) important to RHP or the resource characteristic sought by females will weaken the observed strength of the relationships. Here, I use meta-analysis to quantitatively describe the general pattern of these relationships in animals. I predict that the relationships between male RHP, resource-value and RS should be significantly positive (male RHP and resource-value should explain a large amount of the variation in male RS). My meta-analysis supports this hypothesis; however, in the best case scenario only ca. 20% of the variation in the response variable was explained. I conclude by identifying areas in which we need to improve our investigations of resource-defence animals and recommending approaches to meet these needs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Effect of natural organic matter on arsenic release from soils and sediments into groundwater

Arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater has received significant attention recently. Natural and anthropogenic sources contribute to the worldwide occurrence of As contamination. As speciation is an important factor related to its toxic and mobile behavior. The release of As from soils and sediments into groundwater is governed by several geophysicochemical processes, of which, As sorption behavior is of principle significance. This review paper summarizes existing information regarding the effects of natural organic matter (NOM) on the fate and mobility of As species in the environment. NOM may enhance the release of As from soils and sediments into the soil solution, thereby facilitating As leaching into the groundwater. The main influencing mechanisms include competition for available adsorption sites, formation of aqueous complexes, and/or changes in the redox potential of site surfaces and As redox speciation. NOM may also serve as binding agents, thereby reducing As mobility. However, comparably little research has been performed on this aspect. Since most investigations have been done on purified minerals under laboratory conditions, further research involving various geological materials under natural environmental conditions is required. Development of proper geochemical conceptual models may provide means of predicting the role of NOM in arsenic leaching and/or immobilization.     

臭氧活性炭工艺中卤乙酸生成潜能与相对分子质量分布关系的研究

通过臭氧生物活性炭和微曝气生物活性炭(O₃/BAC和micro-aeration/BAC)2套工艺研究其对不同相对分子质量有机物去除特点和不同相对分子量有机物生成的卤乙酸及其去除特性.结果表明,O₃/BAC工艺对相对分子质量区间>30×10³的有机物去除率超过90%.O₃/BAC与micro-aeration/BAC出水中,UV₂₅₄值表示相对分子质量<103的有机物超过50%,相对分子量区间在10×10³～30×10³的有机物占20%～30%;在O₃/BAC和微曝气/BAC工艺出水中,以相对分子质量<10³的有机物生成的卤乙酸最多,生成DCAA、TCAA、DBAA分别为97.00、38.55、2.10μg/L和104.00、42.75和2.92μg/L;采用各处理单元不同分子量有机物与氯反应生成的DCAA、TCAA、DBAA和THAAs与相对应的UV₂₅₄值进行线性拟合,相关系数分别为0.827、0.851 3、0.815 7和0.878.UV₂₅₄与臭氧生物活性炭处理工艺出水中的卤乙酸生成潜能具有较好的线性关系.     

升流式生物催化电解反应器(UBER)处理硝基苯废水试验研究

升流式生物催化电解反应器(UBER)是一种将生物方法与电化学相结合的新型废水处理技术,使用UBER降解硝基芳香烃类化合物,不但处理周期短、效率高,而且成本低,占地面积小。通过UBER处理含硝基苯模拟废水,对生物催化电解技术的原理进行讨论,并探索最佳反应条件,为该项技术处理实际废水提供理论依据。考察了进水浓度对硝基苯去除率的影响,同时对阴极催化硝基苯定向还原为苯胺进行探讨,最后分别从外加电压、进水乙酸盐质量浓度及进水p H值3个方面,对UBER还原硝基苯的关键影响因素进行最优试验条件分析。结果表明,UBER可以高效处理硝基苯废水,当硝基苯进水质量浓度为200 mg/L时,去除率可以达到97. 2%,但随进水质量浓度进一步提高至220 mg/L,硝基苯的去除效果不佳,去除率仅为79. 13%。当进水硝基苯质量浓度较低时,苯胺生成率较高,平均值达到91%,随硝基苯进水质量浓度提高,引起阴极电势波动,使得还原反应按照多种途径发生,硝基苯不仅被定向还原为苯胺,还被还原成其他副产物,同时,微生物也可以将部分生成的苯胺进一步氧化利用,造成出水苯胺含量偏低。最优条件试验表明,外加电压在0. 3～0. 5 V,硝基苯的去除率均达到93%以上,此时阳极微生物具有良好的电化学活性,当电压降到0. 2 V时,硝基苯去除率仅为36%,表明外加电压过低会严重影响反应器的稳定运行;将乙酸钠质量浓度从1 000 mg/L逐渐减小,质量浓度降低至700 mg/L时,阳极电位依然保持在-440 m V vs. SCE左右,UBER系统运行稳定,当乙酸钠质量浓度进一步降低,阳极微生物电化学活性逐渐受到抑制;UBER中微生物最佳生长p H值为6～7,当p H值超出这一范围,会影响微生物生长代谢,进而影响硝基苯的去除效果。     

水势与用氮量对土壤中石油降解的影响

研究了石油降解过程中，土壤有效氮的动态变化，不同用氮水平在两种土壤上对石油降解速率的影响，以及石油降解的土壤水势条件。结果表明，石油对土壤的污染没有影响土壤水势；在土壤水势为－１００～－２０ｋＰａ范围内，水势的降低没有影响石油分解，而当土壤水势为－１０００ｋＰａ时，石油降解速率与对照相比下降了１０％～３５％。在壤土上，肥料氮添加在碳（石油中碳）氮（肥料中氮）比为９０时，石油降解最快；过多施用肥料氮会降低石油的分解速率。     

杭州市城市和郊区表土磷库及环境风险评价

杭州市城市和郊区土壤磷素具有明显的积累特征并有较高的潜在释放能力。可提取态P(包括H2O-P、NaHCO3-P.NaOH-P和HCl-P)平均在80％左右，其中以HCl—P的比例最高，平均约55％。32个研究土样中，26个土样的水可溶性(H20—P)在10mg／kg以上，15个土样的NaHCO3—P在100mg/kg以上。酸性条件下P的释放潜力明显增加。土壤水溶性P含量及在酸性条件下P的释放量与土壤总P呈正相关，与土壤pH负相关。     

复极性固定床电解槽内电极电位的分布

本文通过设计独特的测量和检验实验装置，对复极性固定床电解槽内的电极电位进行了测试。发现了槽内反应的动力就是槽内粒子与溶液的电位之差，可通过调节它的变化来控制反应的进行。     

Use of Biotic Community Structure as a Measure of Ecological Degradation

The benthic macroinvertebrate communities of two lotic aquatic habitats,namely,the Churni River(C-R)and the Jalangi River(J-R)were compared in this study.One lotic aquatic system(C-R)was polluted by organic pollutants due to discharge of unprocessed sewage water,while the other(J-R)was not affected by such pollution.Evaluations of various physico-chemical properties of water,sediment and different macroinvertebrate communities of the two tropical lotic systems were done in a period from January,2002 to December,2003.A long term temporal change in the macroinvertebrate communities was recorded due to increase in sediment rH value.Sediment redox potential affected by the anthropogenic activities was found to be an important factor for alteration of macroinvertebrate communities in these aquatic ecosystems.A positive correlation has been established between rH and Margalef index in this study.Potassium and the total count of coliform bacteria in water showed significantly higher values for the polluted Churni River than those for the Jalangi River.Fig 3,Tab 4,Ref 34     

盾壳霉CCTCC M203020的生长特性及其应用潜力

以油菜菌核病病株菌核为诱饵，从油菜地中分离筛选得到一株盾壳霉(Coniothyrium minitans CCTCC M203020)．以生物防治能力好的CBS148．96为对照菌株，比较了两者在油菜叶上对油菜菌核病菌抑制作用和在土壤中对菌核的致腐能力及条件．结果表明：C．minitans CCTCC M203020对油菜菌核病菌的抑制作用及适用的pH范围(4．0～7．0)均优于CBS148．96，适片于油菜菌核病的生物防治．具体表现在：(1)C．minitans CCTCC M203020能够完全限制病原菌在叶面的进一步扩展(已萌发孢子率为800A时)，而CBS148．96则不能；(2)C．minitaras CCTCC M203020与CBS148．96的生长特性及培养条件相近，但其菌体生长和孢子产量分别高出60％和12％，并发现该菌株在PDA上产生孢子的最短周期是3．5～4d，较优培养条件为：20℃、初始pH5．0～6．2、空气湿度90％～97％；敛腐菌核的较优条件为：10^1～10^4孢子／菌核，土壤湿度80％～100％，pH4．0～7．0，图7参19     

分光光度法测定COD_(Cr)的试验条件选择

用分光光度法测定水中化学需氧量ＣＯＤＣｒ,通过正交试验选择氧化的最佳选择。试验结果表明对ＣＯＤＣｒ值为５０～１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ的水样：氧化剂Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７用量为０．２０～０．４０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,催化剂Ａｇ２ＳＯ４用量为１０ｇ／ＬＨ２ＳＯ４,消解时间１０ｍｉｎ,加热温度１８０℃。用ＣＯＤＣｒ为１３８ｍｇ／Ｌ的质控标样进行验证试验,其绝对误差为０．５～３．０ｍｇ／Ｌ。与标准方法相比用分光光度法测定ＣＯＤＣｒ具有分析误差小,省时、省力,节约药剂的特点。