高浓度难降解有机废水处理技术综述

高浓度难降解有机废水的处理，是国内外污水处理界公认的难题。本文分析了这一类废水难于生物处理的主要原因，并在此基础上对近年来国内外处理焦化废水、制药废水等高浓度难降解废水的技术和研究作了介绍与评价。     

Thermal decomposition kinetic of liquid organic peroxides

This study demonstrates the application of isothermal calorimeter for investigating the thermal decomposition of several liquid organic peroxides, such as t-Butyl peroxy acetate (TBPA), Di-tert butyl peroxide (DTBP), and Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). The decomposition mechanism and kinetic can be identified from case to case. TBPA and DTBP undergo first order reaction, whereas CHP occurs autocatalysis. Accurate kinetic can be assessed on the basis of discerning these various schemes of given samples. Consequently, the thermal runaway or reactive hazards potential of organic peroxides can be determined, for instance as a self accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT).     

有机酸对云凝结核形成的影响

对流层中的有机酸主要来源于人类活动和自然的排放，它们对云成核现象有重要作用并且对云凝结核(CCN)的数量有显著的贡献，但具体哪些种类的有机酸起着什么样的作用以及有多大的作用却鲜为人知。为此，本文结合国内外在相关领域的研究成果，概要介绍了对流层中有机酸(主要是甲酸，乙酸，丙酮酸，草酸)的含量、来源、存在形态及其对云凝结核影响。     

上澳塘水体生物修复试验

生物修复，是通过微生物的作用，使受污染的土壤或水体中的污染物，就地降解成CO2、H2O，或转化成无害物质的一种污染治理技术。试验采用美国Probiotic Solutions公司的水体净化促生液，对徐汇区上澳塘黑臭水体进行生物修复。结果表明，该净化促生液具有促进水体好氧洁净状态生态系统各类微生物的生长，及向良性生态区系演替的作用，可促进污染水体中微生物由厌氧向好氧演替，生物由低等向高等替，水体中生物多样性增加；同时，还可促进水体中有机物的降解，并有助于水体增氧，可有效地消除水体黑臭。     

非致癌有机物水质基准的推导方法研究

基于美国环保局发表的环境水质基准(AWQC)推导方法,本文着重从理论上研究并讨论了非致癌有机物环境水质基准的推导过程。以1,2,4-三氯苯为例,计算了它的AWQC值。     

淀山湖水环境管理新模式探讨

10多年来的淀山湖水质监测结果表明，淀山湖水质呈一波高于一波的有机污染趋势。目前环境管理中存在着重排污浓度控制，轻污染物总量控制的问题。文章提出了点源与非点源排污交易是一种合适于湖泊水环境管理的新模式，是总量控制的操作载体，是实施总量控制的充分条件。同时，详细论述了点源与非点源排污交易的实际操作程序。     

焚烧法处理高浓度有机废水

采用焚烧法，利用原有２０吨锅炉，处理２４．１ｔ／ｄ高浓度有机废水。经２年多的运行试验，结果表明，在保证锅炉安全运行条件下，把废水冷直接喷射入锅炉焚烧，能解决废水的处理；该方法投资省，焚烧情况良好灰渣及飞灰含碳量均有所降低，对锅炉出力、效率无显著影响。     

Ni(NH3)62+ more efficient than Ni(H2O)62+ and Ni(OH)2 for catalyzing water and phenol oxidation on illuminated Bi2MoO6 with visible light

Nickel (hydr)oxide (NiOH) is known to be good co-catalyst for the photoelectrochemical oxidation of water, and for the photocatalytic oxidation of organics on different semiconductors. Herein we report a greatly improved activity of Bi₂MoO₆ (BMO) by nickel hexammine perchlorate (NiNH). Under visible light, phenol oxidation on BMO was slow. After NiNH, NiOH, and Ni²⁺ loading, a maximum rate of phenol oxidation increased by factors of approximately 16, 8.8, and 4.7, respectively. With a BMO electrode, all catalysts inhibited O₂ reduction, enhanced water (photo-)oxidation, and facilitated the charge transfer at solid-liquid interface, respectively, the degree of which was always NiNH > NiOH > Ni²⁺. Solid emission spectra indicated that all catalysts improved the charge separation of BMO, the degree of which also varied as NiNH > NiOH > Ni²⁺. Furthermore, after a phenol-free aqueous suspension of NiNH/BMO was irradiated, there was a considerable Ni(III) species, but a negligible NH₂ radical. Accordingly, a plausible mechanism is proposed, involving the hole oxidation of Ni(II) into Ni(IV), which is reactive to phenol oxidation, and hence promotes O₂ reduction. Because NH₃ is a stronger ligand than H₂O, the Ni(II) oxidation is easier for Ni(NH₃)⁶⁺ than for Ni(H₂O)⁶⁺. This work shows a simple route how to improve BMO photocatalysis through a co-catalyst.     

Response of cowpea and soybean to P and K on terre de barre soils in southern Bénin

Good growth of grain legumes helps food security and protection of the environment but this may require nutrient inputs. A participatory technology development activity explored from 1998 to 2000 the responses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to inorganic soil amendments (P and K) on terre de barre soils with different levels of degradation in southern Bénin. Adingnigon, on the Abomey plateau, represents a level of severe degradation, while Hayakpa, on the Allada plateau, is still relatively non-degraded. Treatments included: (i) an unamended control, (ii) P fertilizer only, applied in 1998 or 1999, and (iii) P plus K applied in 1999. At Hayakpa, yields without fertilizer were generally moderate to high; responses to P were statistically significant and K application had a significant effect on soybean yield in 2000. At Adingnigon, P application had a large relative effect (30–200%) but a small absolute effect (less than 100 kg/ha) on cowpea and soybean yield. Subsequent K application increased grain yields further (approximately 100 kg/ha) but still not up to the cowpea yield potential. When 13 Mg/ha of organic amendment (chicken manure or cotton seed) were applied to severely degraded plots at Adingnigon with prior grain yields below 200 kg/ha, cowpea yields of more than 500 kg/ha were achieved, approaching their biological potential for the zone. It is clear from this study that (i) P and K inputs are needed for grain legumes even on relatively non-degraded terre de barre soils and (ii) inorganic fertilizer alone will not revive highly degraded soils on the terre de barre plateaus of southern Bénin.     

中和混凝与催化氧化法处理高浓度有机废水

以CODCr3000－8000mg/L,色度900－2000倍,pH＜1的难生化降解的有机废水为水样,采用中和混凝沉淀与催化作用为主的组合工艺对其进行处理试验,着重研究了有关的工艺条件与CODCr去除率的关系。结果表明：只要严格控制中和pH及混凝剂投量和催化氧化的药剂投量、氧化pH和时间,可以获得CODCr去除率为95％－96％的良好效果,同时排放水质中pH、SS和色度均达到排放标准。