Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of Igbede, Ojo and Ojora rivers of Lagos, Nigeria

The distribution of some heavy metals, namely Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cr and Mn in epipellic sediments of Igbede, Ojo and Ojora rivers of Lagos was studied weekly in the early summer (November) of 2003. The levels of selected trace metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (UNICAM 969 AAS SOLAR). Trends in heavy metal burdens in the sediments revealed weekly variations in all the rivers assessed. Statistical analyses also showed different mean levels of trace metals in the aquatic environments, the distribution of which followed the sequence Fe > Zn > Mn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd, Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb > Cr > Cd and Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd in Igbede, Ojo and Ojora rivers respectively. Fe recorded the highest concentration levels (1,582.95 ± 96.57 μ g/g–1,910.34 ± 723.19 μ g/g) in all the sediments investigated while the Cd levels (0.06 ± 0.10 μ g/g–0.47 ± 0.36 μ g/g) were the lowest. Expectedly, trace metal concentrations in fine grain muddy sediments of the Igbede and Ojo coastline were much higher than those of Ojora which consist of coarse and sandy deposits covering the near shore area. Generally, the results obtained fell within tolerable limits stipulated by World Health Organization (WHO).     

The influence of season and leaf age on concentrations of radiocaesium (137Cs), stable caesium (133Cs) and potassium in Agrostis capillaris

The transfer of radioactive caesium from soils to plants has been well researched. In contrast there is limited knowledge on natural stable 133Cs and its potential role as a predictor for radiocaesium behaviour. In a pot experiment with Agrostis capillaris close correlations were found between plant 137Cs and plant 133Cs concentrations (R2 90-96%). Season and leaf age had significant effects with concentrations increasing 10-30-fold between June and December. Simultaneously the plant concentrations of K, the nutrient analogue of Cs, decreased to around one third. In the soil the exchangeable fractions of K and 137Cs declined. No clear relationships were found between 137+133Cs in the plant and exchangeable K in the soil. However, at the end of the experiment the K content of the above-ground biomass was higher than the exchangeable pool in the soil, suggesting that depletion of soil K could be a key factor in the observed increase of plant 137+133Cs over time.     

白腐真菌在生物难降解有机废水处理中的应用

概述了白腐真菌的特性和降解机理 ,利用白腐真菌生化降解两种生物难降解的有机废水的实验结果表明 ,白腐真菌对生物难降解有机废水有着良好的降解性能 ,显示出广阔的应用前景。     

几种降低有机样品分析系统误差的方法

有机痕量分析的样品处理包括从样品采集直到最终分离测定的全过程,在有机痕量分析中,必须严格防止所用器皿、化学试剂、溶剂等污染,减少系统误差。     

沉积物内源与外源重金属形态与酶活性的相关性

文章以表层沉积物为研究对象,采用改进的Tessier连续萃取法,研究了表层沉积物中重金属(内源体系:Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn和Pb;外源体系:掺杂Cu、Zn和Pb后的Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn和Pb)形态和酶(蛋白酶、脱氢酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶)活性在一定时间(45d)内的转化趋势,探讨了沉积物中重金属形态与酶活性的相关性。结果表明,在外源体系中,Cu、Zn和Pb的掺杂对Fe和Mn的形态转化影响较小,而Cu、Zn和Pb显著地由残渣态向相对不稳定形态转化,转化幅度均大于20%。外源重金属掺杂初期(前5d),重金属对沉积物中的酶有一定的活化作用,但经过一段时间后以抑制作用为主。相关性分析表明,当掺杂外源重金属后,沉积物中酶的活性与重金属形态的相关性减弱,与内源体系中重金属和酶的活性关系存在明显差异。     

滦河流域多环芳烃的污染特征、风险评价与来源辨析

在滦河上、中、下游和河口地区布设了15个采样点,对滦河流域的河水和表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,水中PAHs总量为9.8～310ng.L-1,表层沉积物中PAHs总量最高达478ng.g-1.城市地区河段中PAHs的浓度高于农村河段中PAHs的浓度,河口地区相对中游地区污染较轻.就组成特征而言,水中PAHs以3环(40.9%)、4环(56.2%)为主,表层沉积物中PAHs以3环(30.0%)、4环(39.3%)、5环(15.8%)为主.总的来讲,3环、4环PAHs是滦河流域PAHs最主要的成分.地表水健康风险评价结果显示,韩家营、瀑河口两个采样点苯并[a]芘(BaP)毒性当量值(EBaP)分别为11.8、11.4ng.L-1,超出中国国家环境保护部(CEPA)制定的EBaP=2.8ng.L-1的国家标准,存在不利的健康风险.表层沉积物生态风险评价结果显示,韩家营、上板城、乌龙矶地区的PAHs可能存在着对生物的潜在危害,剩余研究区域不存在生态风险.滦河水和表层沉积物PAHs主要表现为以草、木柴和煤燃烧来源为主的特征,部分样点存在燃油与木柴、煤燃烧的混合来源特征.瀑河口、大黑汀受石油源污染影响明显.     

湘江霞湾港段底泥的铅含量与分布研究

湘江霞湾港段是湘江流域非常敏感且重要的生态区,大量工业废水排入导致该区域含铅污染物的沉积。对湘江霞湾港段底泥采样测定底泥及间隙水的铅含量,并研究了底泥及间隙水间的关系。结果表明。湘江霞湾港段受到了严重的铅污染,底泥含铅量最高达1827．6μg/g,远高于《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）V类水的要求。湘江底泥和间隙水问铅含量的吸附一解吸平衡可采用朗格缪尔型和弗罗因德利希型吸附等温式描述。     

潮间带海洋沉积物——大气痕量汞的释放及释放通量研究

在对厦门海域汞污染调查的基础上,选择典型区域的海洋沉积物作为研究对象,系统地研究了潮间带海洋沉积物痕量汞在光照和遮光作用下的释放过程、释放通量以及影响释放通量的主要因素。研究结果表明,光照作用有利于潮间带海洋沉积物痕量汞的释放,平均释放通量大约是遮光作用下的1.7～1.9倍;潮间带海洋沉积物中痕量汞的释放通量随着大气温度、沉积物-水系统温度和光照强度的升高而增加;随着大气相对湿度的增加而降低;而风速对其影响不明显。     

厦门西海域拟疏浚物中重金属含量及其赋存形态与去除重金属污染技术

着重研究了厦门西海域拟疏浚物中重金属的含量和赋存形态,探讨了化学试剂浸提和曝气法去除重金属的可行性,为建立后续的去污染方案提供科学依据.厦门西海域拟疏浚物枯洪两季沉积物中重金属含量变化不大,枯季稍高于洪季.从经济角度考虑,选用C2H2O4、(NH4)2C2O4、EDTA作为浸提剂结合曝气和TCLP翻转实验对厦门西海域代表性拟疏浚物样品(X5站位)进行了重金属去除试验.结果表明,几种溶剂中,C2H2O4的效果最好;在相同溶剂条件下,对多数重金属元素,曝气处理可以有效地提高去除率.     

北江中上游底泥重金属污染及其潜在生态危害评价

为全面了解北江中上游底泥沉积物中重金属含量及其潜在生态危害程度,在北江干流及支流共采集了25个底泥样品,测试了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr、As、Hg共8种重金属元素,采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对北江中上游底泥重金属污染进行分析和评价.结果表明,北江中上游无论是干流还是支流其底泥受多种重金属污染而且污染程度相当严重,各种重金属的污染程度由强至弱依次为:Cd HgZnAsPb≈CuNiCr;金属污染物对北江中上游构成的潜在生态危害由强至弱依次为:Cd HgPb≈AsCuZnCr,其中Cd的影响占绝对主导地位.总体而言,北江干流由于纳污量最大,长期的积累使得北江干流段的重金属污染程度较支流严重;支流中马坝河的污染程度最高,其次是浈江和江.