中国东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮总磷基准阈值研究

受人类活动的影响,东部浅水湖泊沉积物中总氮、总磷负荷很高,当外来污染源得到控制时,底泥中的营养盐会逐渐释放出来,对湖泊水质与生态系统影响很大。为合理削减湖泊内源污染,控制沉积物中营养盐向上覆水体释放,研究制定东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷基准阈值,分别测定了100个湖泊的896个表层沉积物样品和8个典型湖泊11个柱芯的沉积物总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）含量,分析了沉积物TN、TP浓度剖面分布特征。通过频度分布法对100个湖泊沉积物总氮总磷的污染状况进行评价,通过背景值比较法确定了8个典型湖泊沉积物的TN、TP背景值。结果表明,100个湖泊的表层沉积物TN浓度范围在479.70~5 573.65 mg·kg-1,TP浓度范围在248.44~1000.33 mg·kg-1,不同湖泊表层沉积物中TN、TP值差异较大。8个典型湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷含量整体上表现出随着深度增加而下降变化趋势,在深层沉积物中含量保持稳定。所调查8个湖泊TN均值为1443.83 mg·kg-1,变化范围为247.45~3719.46 mg·kg-1,各湖泊中TN均值表现为：沱湖〉焦岗湖〉花园湖〉七里湖〉北民湖〉大通湖〉城东湖〉瓦埠湖;TP均值为519.62 mg·kg-1,变化范围为225.41~1944.89 mg·kg-1,各湖泊中TP均值表现为：北民湖〉大通湖〉七里湖〉焦岗湖〉沱湖〉瓦埠湖〉城东湖〉花园湖。不同湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷背景值差异很大。通过对100个湖泊表层沉积物TN、TP的频度分析发现,沉积物营养盐含量上25%点位对应的TP质量浓度398.51mg·kg-1,TN质量浓度为1106.24 mg·kg-1,沉积物营养盐含量下25%点位对应的TP质量浓度664.58 mg·kg-1,TN质量浓度为2916.66 mg·kg-1。通过互相之间的比较分析,推荐采用背景值比较法确定的各湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷背景值均值与频度分步法25%点位对应的总氮值和40%点位对应的总磷值作为东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷基准阈值。因此,?     

长江口及邻近海域沉积物中石油烃污染特征

根据2004~2009年丰水期对长江口及邻近海域的调查监测资料,研究了沉积物中石油烃的时空分布特征及污染情况,分析了其影响机理.结果表明,石油烃平均含量为176.25mg/kg,沉积物无石油烃污染;沉积物中石油烃空间分布格局整体上呈由近岸向远岸递减的趋势,陆源输送、水动力条件、细颗粒物质的吸附以及絮凝作用是控制石油烃分布的主要因素;调查海域空间分布尺度上可以划分为4个海域,MDS排序分析以及ANOSIM检验均支持了划分结果;沉积物中石油烃含量为近岸最大浑浊带最高,其次为近岸区和泥质区,在远岸区则常年存在一个石油烃含量的低值区.     

海水中CO的光致生成和生物氧化的研究进展

综述了海水中CO的光致生成和生物氧化的研究进展.介绍了海水中的有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的成分、光学性质、光化学性质、海水中CO光致生成的产量和影响因素、海水中CO生物氧化的机理、影响因素及其动力学反应的一级速率常数KCO.指出了当前研究的问题点所在,进而对未来的研究提出了展望.     

黄浦江江水和沉积物中汞的分布和形态特征

黄浦江江水的总汞、溶解态汞和颗粒汞含量变化较大,其平均值分别为(0.4±0.44)ng/mL、(0.27±0.42)ng/mL和(0.13±0.10)ng/mL,江水中汞以溶解态汞为主.黄浦江沉积物的总汞含量为70.52ng/g～387.30ng/g,平均汞含量为(204.03±97.41)ng/g.江水和沉积物中汞的沿江分布具有中游高,上游和下游低的特征,西渡—南浦大桥江段汞含量为整个黄浦江最高的江段,汞的分布特征与两岸工农业布局相一致.沉积物总汞与有机质显著相关,沉积物中高汞含量的地点都在高水汞点的下游,与河流的动力沉积特点一致.沉积物中汞以可交换态、腐殖酸结合态、残渣态为主,少量为碳酸盐结合态.从上游到下游,沉积物中可交换态汞具有两端高中间低的特点,而残渣态汞与此相反.在剖面方向上,沉积物中的汞主要集中在残渣态,少量为腐殖酸结合态,可交换态及碳酸盐结合态,随着深度增加残渣态所占比例不规则增加.愈接近长江口,沉积物中的重金属愈容易被重新激活.     

鄱阳湖水体悬浮物反硝化潜力模拟研究

以鄱阳湖为对象,采用乙炔抑制法,分别模拟了厌氧和好氧状态下的悬浮物反硝化潜力和过程,结果表明,厌氧和好氧状态下水体悬浮物均能够产生明显的反硝化作用.受乙炔抑制,其反硝化产物N2O的浓度累积随时间呈“慢-快-慢”的节律,浓度累积曲线符合逻辑斯谛模型(P<0.01).拟合结果显示:悬浮物浓度为30g/L时,厌氧培养条件下快增期反硝化速率达到(81.76±10.37)μmolN/(L·d),好氧环境下为(14.12±2.31)μmolN/(L·d).CO2浓度累积曲线同样符合逻辑斯谛模型,但好氧条件下CO2浓度累积极值较高,约为厌氧条件下的5倍,表明好氧条件下好氧呼吸占更大的比例.水体悬浮物反硝化潜力与悬浮物浓度有关,相同悬浮物浓度下,好氧培养水体悬浮物反硝化潜力较厌氧培养弱,且达到累积极值的时间更长,水体溶解氧一定程度上抑制了悬浮物反硝化作用.依据好氧培养的试验结果,估算得到鄱阳湖悬浮物全年反硝化导致的氮素净损失为1010t,约占鄱阳湖氮素年输入量的0.74%和鄱阳湖沉积物反硝化氮去除量的14%,鄱阳湖水体悬浮物反硝化在氮素净去除中起到一定作用.     

福建山美水库表层沉积物不同形态硅分布特征及其环境意义

采用Tessier连续提取法研究了亚热带典型山区深水水库-福建泉州山美水库沉积物中不同形态硅(可交换离子态硅[IEF-Si]、碳酸盐结合态硅[CF-Si]、铁锰氧化物结合态硅[IMOF-Si]和有机硫化态硅[OSF-Si])的时空分布特征及其环境意义.结果表明,山美水库平水期、丰水期、枯水期表层沉积物中不同形态硅总含量分别为3043.50~4414.24,2711.17~3676.89,3198.44~4444.28mg/kg,平水期>枯水期>丰水期;其空间分布特征为:库尾区>水库中部区>近坝区>入库区.该水库中IEF-Si和CF-Si相对含量少,活性大.虽然可交换态硅的含量较少,其释放潜能有可能对水生生态系统营养状况及初级生产产生影响;CF-Si对环境因子尤其是pH值特别敏感;IMOF-Si和 OSF-Si相对含量高,IMOF-Si可能是山美水库硅补充的最主要途径;而OSF-Si是比较稳定形态的硅,其分布规律与受不同时期沉积下来的沉积物类型和环境影响有关.平水期、丰水期CF-Si与IMOF-Si呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05,r=0.728;P<0.05,r=0.672),丰水期、枯水期IMOF-Si与OSF-Si均呈显著正相关关系(P =0.05,r=0.757; P <0.01,r=0.832).     

采用连续分级提取法研究沉积物中磷的化学形态

沉积物中磷的潜在释放很大程度上取决于有机磷和无机磷的组分和分布. 为研究沉积物中不同形态磷的释放能力及其生物可利用性大小,采用连续分级提取法,以NH₄Cl、NaHCO₃、NaOH和HCl作为提取剂,同时对沉积物中有机磷和无机磷的赋存形态进行分析,将无机磷分为WA-P_i(弱吸附态无机磷)、PA-P_i(潜在活性无机磷)、Fe/Al-P_i(Fe/Al结合态无机磷)和Ca-P_i(Ca结合态无机磷);将有机磷分为WA-P_o(弱吸附态有机磷)、PA-P_o(潜在活性有机磷)、MA-P_o(中活性有机磷)和NA-P_o(非活性有机磷),并以蠡湖表层沉积物样品为例,考察了该方法的回收率及蠡湖沉积物中的磷形态. 结果表明:①该方法具有较好的回收率,与SMT(标准测量和测试)法测定结果比较,连续分级提取法对TP、无机磷、有机磷的回收率分别为93.3%~112.1%、93.9%~111.5%、76.4%~119.9%,平均值分别为99.4%、101.8%、101.0%. ②蠡湖表层沉积物中的磷以无机磷为主,其质量分数在271.29~666.34 mg/kg之间,平均值为441.03 mg/kg,占w(TP)的62.91%;不同形态无机磷质量分数表现为w(Ca-P_i)>w(Fe/Al-P_i)>w(PA-P_i)>w(WA-P_i). 有机磷的质量分数在201.76~368.52 mg/kg之间,不同形态有机磷质量分数表现为w(R-P_o)(R-P_o为残渣态磷)>w(NA_NaOH-P_o)(NA_NaOH-P_o为NaDH提取非活性有机磷)>w(PA-P_o)>w(MA_HCl-P_o)(MA_HCl-P_o为HCl提取中活性有机磷)>w(WA-P_o)>w(MA_NaOH-P_o)(MA_NaOH-P_o为NaOH提取中活性有机磷). 改进后的连续分级提取法能够同时有效分离沉积物中无机磷和有机磷的化学形态,并且能兼顾沉积物生物可利用性磷分析测试的需要.      

Removal,distribution and plant uptake of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in a simulated constructed wetland system

• PFOS was removed by soil adsorption and plant uptake in the VFCW. • Uptake of PFOS by E. crassipes was more than that of C. alternifolius. • PFOS in wastewater can inhibit the removal of nutrients. • Dosing with PFOS changed the soil microbial community in the VFCW. A vertical-flow constructed wetland (VFCW) was used to treat simulated domestic sewage containing perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The removal rate of PFOS in the domestic sewage was 93%–98%, through soil adsorption and plant uptake, suggesting that VFCWs can remove PFOS efficiently from wastewater. The removal of PFOS in the VFCW was dependent on soil adsorption and plant uptake; moreover, the percentage of soil adsorption was 61%–89%, and was higher than that of the plants uptake (5%–31%). The absorption capacity of Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes) (1186.71 mg/kg) was higher than that of Cyperus alternifolius (C. alternifolius) (162.77 mg/kg) under 10 mg/L PFOS, and the transfer factor of PFOS in E. crassipes and C. alternifolius was 0.04 and 0.58, respectively, indicating that PFOS is not easily translocated to leaves from roots of wetland plants; moreover, uptake of PFOS by E. crassipes was more than that of C. alternifolius because the biomass of E. crassipes was more than that of C. alternifolius and the roots of E. crassipes can take up PFOS directly from wastewater while C. alternifolius needs to do so via its roots in the soil. The concentration of 10 mg/L PFOS had an obvious inhibitory effect on the removal rate of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, and ammonia nitrogen in the VFCW, which decreased by 15%, 10%, 10% and 12%, respectively. Dosing with PFOS in the wastewater reduced the bacterial richness but increased the diversity in soil because PFOS stimulated the growth of PFOS-tolerant strains.     

北疆部分区域土壤pH、可溶性总盐及有机质含量调查

对北疆4个区域土壤的pH、可溶性总盐及有机质含量状况进行了调查和评价。监测结果表明,调查区的pH为7.20-10.58,多属于碱性至强碱性土壤;可溶性总盐量为0.012％。12.834％,多属于中度盐渍化土壤;土壤表层有机质含量为0.16％-21.09％,1-6级土壤均含有机质,总体水平相对较低,但山区土壤中有机质含量较高。部分农田存在土壤次生盐渍化重、肥力低的问题。古尔班通古特沙漠中的风沙土等具有盐渍化轻、肥力低的特点。     

Identifying human-induced influence on microbial community: A comparative study in the effluent-receiving areas in Hangzhou Bay

Microbial compositions showed high differences in two study areas. COD was the key anthropogenic indicator in the coastal wastewater disposal area. Distinctive microbes capable of degrading toxic pollutants were screened. Microbial communities in effluent-receiving areas followed “niche theory”. Microbial community structure is affected by both natural processes and human activities. In coastal area, anthropegenetic activity can usually lead to the discharge of the effluent from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to sea, and thus the water quality chronically turns worse and marine ecosystem becomes unhealthy. Microorganisms play key roles in pollutants degradation and ecological restoration; however, there are few studies about how the WWTP effluent disposal influences coastal microbial communities. In this study, sediment samples were collected from two WWTP effluent-receiving areas (abbreviated as JX and SY) in Hangzhou Bay. First, based on the high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene, microbial community structure was analyzed. Secondly, several statistical analyses were conducted to reveal the microbial community characteristics in response to the effluent disposal. Using PCoA, the significant difference of in microbial community structure was determined between JX and SY; using RDA, water COD and temperature, and sediment available phosphate and ammonia nitrogen were identified as the key environmental factors for the community difference; using LDA effect size analysis, the most distinctive microbes were found and their correlations with environmental factors were investigated; and according to detrended beta-nearest-taxon-index, the sediment microbial communities were found to follow “niche theory”. An interesting and important finding was that in SY that received more and toxic COD, many distinctive microbes were related to the groups that were capable of degrading toxic organic pollutants. This study provides a clear illustration of eco-environmental deterioration under the long-term human pressure from the view of microbial ecology.