Children and fighting forces: 10 years on from Cape Town

It is 10 years since the adoption of the Cape Town Principles and Best Practices on the Prevention of Recruitment of Children into the Armed Forces and on Demobilization and Social Reintegration of Child Soldiers in Africa. The field of programming for the reintegration of children associated with armed forces and armed groups has made significant strides in this period. However, important gaps in the knowledge base remain. This paper examines empirical evidence that supports lessons learned from work with children formerly connected with fighting forces. It evaluates what is known, where promising practice exists, and lacunae in five programming areas: psychosocial support and care; community acceptance; education, training and livelihoods; inclusive programming for all war-affected children; and follow-up and monitoring. While the 2007 Paris Commitments to Protect Children from Unlawful Recruitment or Use by Armed Forces or Groups mark an emerging consensus on many issues, there is still a critical need for more systematic studies to develop the evidence base supporting intervention in this area.     

华重楼内生菌Iun35的分离及其抗菌蛋白的性质

从华重楼(Paris polyphylla Smith var.chinensis)块茎中分离纯化得到一株具有较强抑菌活性的内生细菌Iun35,经形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).将分离得到的Iun35菌株发酵培养,培养液上清经硫酸铵分级沉淀、Sephadex G-75凝胶柱层析和DEAE-32纤维素柱层析分离纯化出一种抗菌蛋白UD35.用该蛋白对多种植物病原菌进行拮抗测定,结果显示,UD35对玉米纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kuha)、小麦赤霉病菌[Gibberelle zeae(Schw.)]等多种菌有强烈抑制作用.测定其相对分子质量约为55 000,氨基酸分析结果表明其由17种氨基酸组成.图3表4参16     

National greenhouse gas inventory capacity: An assessment of Asian developing countries

The transparency framework of the Paris Agreement (PA) will be elaborated from the existing arrangements under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Yet, the capacities of developing countries to regularly report national GHG inventories vary, and their needs for capacity building are closely linked with efforts and achievements of previous inventory preparation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the status and changes in the capacity of 37 developing countries in Asia by using a matrix of capacity-indicators. Indicators were composed for four assessment categories: (1) international engagement of a country in the GHG inventory-related process; (2) institutional capacity to produce a GHG inventory; (3) existing technical capacity available to develop a GHG inventory; and (4) actual technical capacity applied to produce a GHG inventory. The paper also analyzed the scale of international support and variations in meeting with capacity building needs. Eleven countries were identified as having low capacity over time, while 9 improved their capacity. Seventeen countries, including 7 countries with established capacity, continuously had relatively high capacity over time. International support was scarce in the majority of Asian developing countries with the most capacity building needs. Improvements in basic technical capacity available for GHG inventory preparation, such as statistics and the scientific expertise, were found to be a key necessity for countries to respond to the PA’s enhanced transparency framework. Based on these findings, the study recommended increasing support for improvements in basic technical capacity, especially in countries where existing capacity is low and support is limited. Such capacity building efforts are also beneficial for countries to form and implement nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and other economic and development policies.     

Climate justice,adaptation and the Paris Agreement: a recipe for disasters?

A Capability Approach is adopted to critically analyse, in the interests of Climate Justice, whether the Paris Agreement is likely to adequately protect human and non-human Capabilities from the worst impacts of climate disasters. The mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage provisions of the Paris Agreement are not convincing. Adaptation offers only a modest response to climate change, compared with mitigation, and current financial commitments to fund adaptation in developing countries are far too low. Consequently, the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change have a long way to go in their negotiations before they have any hope of meeting their agreed temperature goals, and protecting human and non-human Capabilities from climate disasters.     

北洛河流域植物多样性地理格局与环境关系

通过野外调查和历史文献及标本统计分析,确定并分析北洛河流域种子植物信息数据.结果表明：该区共有种子植物123科581属1671种,占黄土高原种子植物的83.67%、67.24%、51.83%,集中分布于大型科（>50种）、较大科（21~50种）和单种属（1种）、小型属（2~5种）内.11个干流流经的地理单元植物相似性聚类分为5组,较早分离的是黄龙县,最大类因子午岭山脉连接而包含4个地理单元（富县、合水县、宜君县、黄陵县）.富县、合水县和黄龙县植物丰富度SD值最高,洛川县、华池县和甘泉县SD值最低.该区地理成分在属级水平上有15个分布区类型16个变型,以温带分布及其变型为主（287属,占49.40%）,并与热带分布及其变型联系紧密（115属,占19.79%）,植物丰富度SD值与温带成分显著正相关;黄陵县、洛川县、黄龙县R/T值最高,热带性质最强,华池县、定边县R/T值最低,热带性质最弱.R/T值受海拔影响,随温度和降水从东南向西北递减.该区植物起源古老,分化程度高,物种多样性丰富,地理成分复杂,是重要的植物种质资源库.植物物种多样性地带性格局过渡性明显,体现出这些类群的生态位需求.需加强保护该区原生环境和植物,合理开发利用,可选择6大优势科（菊科、禾本科、蔷薇科、豆科、唇形科和毛茛科）中适地适树适草的物种（温带性质）,进行植被恢复和水土流失治理.     

巴黎协定生效下的中国省际碳排放权分配研究

随着《巴黎协定》正式生效,碳排放权作为关系人类福祉的一种新型发展权,如何分配已成为世界各国共同关注的焦点问题.中国是全球最大的碳排放国,面临着巨大的减排压力.为分解落实我国政府提出的2030年碳减排"自主行动目标",提出公平性、效率性、可行性、可持续性4项分配原则,从社会、经济、环境三重维度系统选取分配指标,构建"共同但有区别"的省际碳排放权分配模型,据此对31个省区2016—2030年的碳排放配额进行核算.研究表明,碳排放配额最多为广东、山东和江苏,最少为西藏、新疆和青海.对比配额结果与当前碳排放规模发现,山西等9省区未来的碳排放空间呈现赤字,海南等16省区的碳排放空间呈现盈余,浙江等6省区则收支大致相抵.鉴于各省区面临不同的减排任务和压力,差别化的控排政策是保证我国"2030目标"顺利实现的关键.     

碳排放交易体系的构建、挑战与市场拓展

碳排放权通过市场交易实现效率配置,有理论与实践支撑。"碳排放"作为一种"恶品",需要不断压缩或定额管控,与"善品"有着本质不同。因而,"碳排放"市场交易有着固有的困境。在国内碳市场构建中,困境还会得到强化。因为,1中国与国际社会、中央与地方、地方之间、政府与企业存在多重博弈,受经济、政治、环境、社会多重因素的制约,排放总量的确定和分配具有潜在的不确定性。2"碳"的核算从属于能源,并不完全独立,是一种具有被动属性的交易品,企业的选择与能效和节能关联,则"用能权"和"碳排放权"重叠。由于碳作为交易品的从属和被动属性,企业的经营决策的碳约束可能被弱化或边缘化,对消费者的价格信号部分失真。3开放的、竞争的市场才是有效率的。但是从欧盟的碳排放贸易体系和国内的试点看,这一系统则是相对封闭的。4如果说高碳产品低品质可以通过市场的自我调节而对企业有所约束,而城市基础设施锁定的碳,其成本只能由全社会担承,在碳排放交易体系中得不到实际体现。5用能权和碳排放权有可能一体兼容,但是,碳交易的市场激励传递受到一些体制性因素的约束而失效。因此,中国的碳交易体系构建,需要在顶层设计中考虑碳排放的属性特点,拓展碳排放交易的市场空间。首先,在认知上将"碳交易"从约束变为一种机遇。其次,国家需要将碳纳入预算管理,实现效率配置和有效管控。再次,建立发展导向的碳交易市场,拓展碳市场规模。如纳入森林碳汇,碳市场与生态补偿相关联。最后,鼓励净零碳城市建设。     

《巴黎协定》时代的气候融资:全球进展、治理挑战与中国对策

本文首先辨析了"气候资金"与"气候融资"两个基本概念,且通过对包括《巴黎协定》在内,最新的气候资金相关法律文件、信息通报、文献资料、智库报告的研究和系统梳理,指出全球气候融资发展趋势表现在全球气候融资缺口正在持续扩大;资金来源更加市场化;发展金融机构募集、管理和分配了大部分的公共资金;新型经济体用款权受到挤压,也呈现出更大的出资潜力;稳定的碳价格被认为是全球实现"零排放"长期减排目标的核心机制。与此同时,气候资金治理体系也处在关键的转型期,目前气候资金治理正在向"自下而上"的模式过渡,《公约》外平台承担了"气候风险主流化"的多重功能,但需要警惕"自下而上"的治理模式有绕过"共同但有区别责任"的风险,且绿色气候基金运作规则的导向性作用值得关注。据此,本文在最后提出了一系列治理建议。建议我国应积极影响国际气候资金机制运营规则和技术规则的制定,避免发达国家以及代表其利益的国际组织制定的标准片面地发展为国际规则;支持在全球设定渐进的、可预测的、可信的碳价格,并且肯定将气候与环境风险因素内生化的核心思想理念;与绿色气候基金开展多方位合作,推动气候公共资金治理规则转型;加强与世界银行在气候融资领域的合作;借G20平台逐步发展为气候融资政策突破和工具创新的引领者。     

Establishing a measurement,reporting, and verification system for climate finance in post-Paris agreement period

The measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) of climate finance was originated from discussions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It has been one of the key issues of global climate negotiations since 2009 and will continue to be of significant importance in addressing climate change and strengthening international trust. This paper analyses the concept, the objective, and the progress of the MRV of climate finance based on reviews of the latest literature and think-tank reports regarding climate finance regime and MRV. Following the analysis, challenges faced with the MRV of climate finance are illustrated. This paper presents that the comparability of climate finance data needs to be improved due to the variety of methodologies used for disaggregating climate finance. In addition, the integrality of the MRV system of climate finance has been impaired by the lack of feedback mechanism from the recipients to the contributors in reporting system. Furthermore, although accounting system of climate finance has been developing and improving, it remains incapacity in providing accurate data on disbursed climate finance. Responding to the above challenges, this paper proposes the key tasks in establishing a comprehensive MRV system for climate finance at international level. The tasks involve developing a measurement system with consistent data basis and accounting basis, a reporting system with more detailed guidance and standardized formats, as well as a verification mechanism balancing top-down and bottom-up review processes. In the last section, this paper concludes that the establishment of an improved MRV of climate finance requires concerted cooperation and negotiations between developed and developing country Parties under the UNFCCC. As one of the few developing country donors to the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), China is suggested to clarify its propositions as a developing country in aspects such as concept, coverage, and architecture of climate finance and MRV system, and gain bargaining power in improving operating and technical rules of international climate finance regime.     

超积累植物在时空、科属内的分布特点及寻找方法

探讨了超积累植物在时空、科属内的分布特点和正常植物演化出镍超积累特性必备的 2个基本条件 ,介绍了国外 2种常用的寻找超积累植物的方法。