我国南方低丘红壤区立体农业模式

根据红壤坡位的理化性质分界,在低丘红壤上建立了“顶林-腰园-谷农-塘渔”立体种植模式,并在塘边建造猪场,以养猪为纽带,实行种养结合,建立“果（饲）－猪－沼气－菇－鱼－粮（菜）”链式循环,链环间再加以定量化调控,形成协调和系统的良性循环。     

石臼湖马鞍山环湖片区景观生态规划研究

环湖片区是人与自然亲密相处的空间场所,具有丰富的自然资源和人文资源。环湖片区的景观生态规划可以协调人与自然及资源利用的关系。对石臼湖马鞍山环湖片区的生态环境基底和生态敏感性进行分析,确定重点规划区域;采用相对重要性指数(d I)识别落在规划区域内的重要斑块;运用最小耗费距离模型(MCR)模拟潜在生态廊道,并将其与景观廊道、游憩廊道相叠加;构建连续的景观生态格局,为石臼湖马鞍山环湖片区的景观生态规划提供依据和指导。结果表明,以景观生态学原理为指导,用客观定量的标准对景观要素进行选择和规划,使景观中资源组合在结构和功能上接近或达到最优化,提高区域内景观的稳定性,可以实现对环湖片区生态环境的有效保护。     

Pedestrians under influence (PUI) crashes: Patterns from correspondence regression analysis

Introduction: Alcohol-related impairment is a key contributing factor in traffic crashes. However, only a few studies have focused on pedestrian impairment as a crash characteristic. In Louisiana, pedestrian fatalities have been increasing. From 2010 to 2016, the number of pedestrian fatalities increased by 62%. A total of 128 pedestrians were killed in traffic crashes in 2016, and 34.4% of those fatalities involved pedestrians under the influence (PUI) of drugs or alcohol. Furthermore, alcohol-PUI fatalities have increased by 120% from 2010 to 2016. There is a vital need to examine the key contributing attributes that are associated with a high number of PUI crashes. Method: In this study, the research team analyzed Louisiana’s traffic crash data from 2010 to 2016 by applying correspondence regression analysis to identify the key contributing attributes and association patterns based on PUI involved injury levels. Results: The findings identified five risk clusters: intersection crashes at business/industrial locations, mid-block crashes on undivided roadways at residential and business/residential locations, segment related crashes associated with a pedestrian standing in the road, open country crashes with no lighting at night, and pedestrian violation related crashes on divided roadways. The association maps identified several critical attributes that are more associated with fatal and severe PUI crashes. These attributes are dark to no lighting, open country roadways, and non-intersection locations. Practical Applications: The findings of this study may be used to help design effective mitigation strategies to reduce PUI crashes.     

Directions of Change in Land Cover and Landscape Patterns from 1957 to 2000 in Agricultural Landscapes in NW Spain

The aim of this work is the analysis of the dynamics in cultural landscapes, focused on the spatial distribution of changes in land cover and landscape patterns, and their possible linkages. These dynamics have been analyzed for the years 1957 and 2000 in a sector of the north of Galicia (NW Spain) characterized with diverse landscapes. Afforestation processes linked to agriculture abandonment and forestry specialization were the main processes observed in the study area, with the exception of the southern mountainous sector that was dominated by ploughing of scrubland for conversion into grassland, reflecting a specialization in livestock production. The structural changes that have taken place in most of the study area were related to the heterogeneity aspects, although the mountainous sectors were characterized by changes in heterogeneity and fragmentation. According to the tests performed, the comparison of the spatial distribution of both dynamics showed a certain statistical significance, reflecting the interrelationship between patterns and processes. This approach could be useful for the identification of areas with similar characteristics in terms of spatial dynamics so as to define more effective and targeted landscape planning and management strategies.     

新疆45年间不同强度等级沙尘暴天气空间格局年际变化趋势研究

通过对1960-2005年新疆54个气象站的气象资料进行分析,研究了新疆不同强度等级沙尘暴天气的时空分布年际演变趋势.结果显示：新疆各强度等级沙尘暴天气的发生区域均在逐年缩小,强沙尘暴、扬沙发生区域有东移的趋势,浮尘空间分布格局显现出向南退缩的趋势.沙尘暴空间格局变动较频繁没有明显的移动趋势.     

辽宁地区降水pH值分布特征探讨

本文通过对辽宁地区降水ｐＨ值分析、研究，得出全省降水ｐＨ值时空分布特征和规律．对于研究辽宁地区酸雨污染现状、预测发展趋势及酸雨污染防治提供了科学依据．     

Quantum chemical and direct dynamic study on homogeneous gas-phase formation of PBDD/Fs from 2,4,5-tribromophenol and 3,4-dibromophenol

2,4,5-Tribromophenol (2,4,5-TBP) and 3,4-dibromophenol (3,4-DBP) have the minimum number of Br atoms needed to form 2,3,7,8-PBDD/Fs, which are the most toxic among all 210 PBDD/F isomers. A mechanistic understanding of the formation of PBDD/Fs is a prerequisite for minimizing their emissions. In this paper, the homogeneous gas-phase formation of PBDD/Fs from 2,4,5-TBP and 3,4-DBP as precursors was investigated theoretically by using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The mathematical model to predict the formation of PBDD/Fs places a high demand on accurate kinetic parameters. So, the rate constants of key elementary steps involved in the formation of PBDD/Fs were calculated by using canonical variational transition-state (CVT) theory with small curvature tunneling (SCT) contribution over a wide temperature range of 600–1200 K. The pre-exponential factors and the activation energies are also reported. This might be the first to investigate the formation of 2,3,7,8-PBDD/Fs. The present study shows that the formation of PBDDs dominates over the formation of PBDFs. The meta bromine facilitates the dimerization of bromophenoxy radicals (BPRs), whereas the para and ortho bromines suppress the dimerization of BPRs.     

Pattern Recognition Based Software for Oil Spills Identification by Gas-Chromatography and IR Spectrophotometry

For environmental control purposes, floating oil spills in harbours, off shore areas and their sources must often be identified. Pattern recognition, applied to JR spectrophotometric data (600-2000 cm m 1 range), and to chromatographic data ( n -alkanes) for the spill and various suspected sources such as oil and fuels from ships bunkers and harbour installations, can lead to definite conclusions; particularly after artificial weathering formula are used. The software application provides quick and accurate identification of the pollution source. The identification algorithm has a learning stage in which the user creates a minimal database. This database has a tree structure with classes (fuels, crude, etc.) and members representing samples from already known sources. A sample contains JR and chromatographic data and information of the originating source. A larger database means more knowledge, which conveys a better identification. When the origin of an unknown sample is searched for, the software looks for the best match through the database and displays the results in two lists; sorted by calculated similarity. One list displays the classes in which the unknown sample could be included and the other displays the possible sources. An extra check can be done by visual inspection of the overlapped graphics (unknown sample and each of the identified sources).     

应用时间-活动模式估计儿童个体NOx暴露水平

将时间-活动模式与微环境空气污染物监测相结合估计儿童个体NO_x暴露水平. 分别在北京和青岛两市各选择3所学校监测校园环境污染物,并在每个学校选择10名儿童监测其家庭居室空气中ρ(NO_x)及个体24 h NO_x暴露水平,同时收集其时间-活动信息,采用时间-活动模式估计儿童的个体暴露水平. 交通工具中的NO_x暴露水平可通过校门口空气中ρ(NO_x)和交通工具的污染水平系数(λ)估计.结果表明:利用时间-活动模式模拟的儿童个体24 h NO_x暴露水平为0.041 mg/m3,与调整后的个体暴露实测水平相关性较好(R0.785,P<0.01),差值为(-0.002　6±0.013　0) mg/m3,二者的差异无统计学意义 (t0.139,P>0.05).表明采用时间-活动模式与微环境空气质量监测结果相结合方法估计的儿童NO_x暴露水平与个体实际暴露水平一致.