CHANNEL NETWORK EXTENSION BY LOGGING ROADS IN TWO BASINS,WESTERN CASCADES,OREGON1

ABSTRACT: Based on field surveys and analysis of road networks using a geographic information system (GIS), we assessed the hydrologic integration of an extensive logging-road network with the stream network in two adjacent 62 and 119 km² basins in the western Cascades of Oregon. Detailed surveys of road drainage for 20 percent of the 350 km road network revealed two hydrologic flow paths that link roads to stream channels: roadside ditches draining to streams (35 percent of the 436 culverts examined), and roadside ditches draining to culverts with gullies incised below their outlets (23 percent of culverts). Gully incision is significantly more likely below culverts on steep (< 40 percent) slopes with longer than average contributing ditch length. Fifty-seven percent of the surveyed road length is connected to the stream network by these surface flowpaths, increasing drainage density by 21 to 50 percent, depending on which road segments are assumed to be connected to streams. We propose a conceptual model to describe the hydrologic function of roads based on two effects: (1) a volumetric effect, increasing the volume of water available for quickflow and (2) a timing effect, altering flow-routing efficiency through extensions to the drainage network. This study examines the second of these two effects. Future work must quantify discharge along road segments connected to the stream network in order to more fully explain road impacts on basin hydrology.     

Best Management Practices Influence Modeled Erosion Rates at Forest Haul Road Stream Crossings in Virginia

Forestry best management practices (BMPs) reduce sedimentation by minimizing soil erosion and trapping sediment. These practices are particularly important in relation to road construction and use due to the heightened potential for sediment delivery at stream crossings. This study quantifies the implementation and effectiveness of BMPs at 75 randomly selected forest road stream crossings on recent timber harvests in the Mountains, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain regions of Virginia. Road characteristics at stream crossings were used to estimate erosion using the Universal Soil Loss Equation for Forests and the Water Erosion Prediction Project for Roads. Stream crossings were evaluated based on the Virginia Department of Forestry (VDOF) BMP manual guidelines and categorized as BMP?, BMP‐standard, or BMP+ based on the quality of road template, drainage, ground cover, and stream crossing structure. BMP implementation scores were calculated for each stream crossing using VDOF audit questions. Potential erosion effects due to upgrading crossings were estimated by adjusting ground cover percentage and approach length parameters in the erosion models. Results indicate that erosion rates decrease as BMP implementation scores increase (p < 0.05). BMP‐standard and BMP+ ratings made up 83% of crossings sampled, with an average erosion rate of 6.8 Mg/ha/yr. Hypothetical improvements beyond standard BMP recommendations provided minimal additional erosion prevention.     

A study of fatal pedestrian crashes at rural low-volume road intersections in southwest China

Objective: Although intersections correspond to a small proportion of the entire roadway system, they account for a disproportionally high number of fatal pedestrian crashes, especially on rural roads situated in low- and middle-income countries. This article examines pedestrian safety at rural intersections and suggests applicable accident prevention treatments by providing an in-depth analysis of 28 fatal pedestrian crashes from 8 low-volume roads in southwest China.

Methods: The driving reliability and error analysis method (DREAM) is a method to support a systematic classification of accident causation information and to facilitate aggregation of that information into patterns of contributing factors. This is the first time that DREAM was used to analyze pedestrian–vehicle crashes and provide suggestions for road improvements in China.

Results: The key issues adversely affecting pedestrian safety can be organized in 4 distinctive thematic categories, namely, deficient intersection safety infrastructure, lack of pedestrian safety education, inadequate driver training, and insufficient traffic law enforcement. Given that resources for traffic safety investments in rural areas are limited, it is determined that the potential countermeasures should focus on low-cost, easily implementable, and long-lasting measures increasing the visibility and predictability of pedestrian movement and reducing speeding and irresponsible driving among drivers and risk-taking behaviors among pedestrians.

Conclusions: Accident prevention treatments are suggested based on their suitability for rural areas in southwest China. These countermeasures include introducing better access management and traffic calming treatments, providing more opportunities for pedestrian education, and enhancing the quality of driver training and traffic law enforcement.     

我国地表矿物质颗粒物的粒度分布与来源

下垫面的地表矿物质颗粒物是大气气溶胶的源和汇,对生物地球化学循环、环境状况和人体健康产生影响。下垫面地表矿物质颗粒物的粒度分布是表征颗粒行为的重要参数,颗粒物的物理性质、化学性质和环境学性质等都与粒径有关。为探究人为下垫面（城市铺装道路、农村土路和农田等）和自然下垫面（沙漠和戈壁）地表矿物质颗粒物的粒径分布,并分析其影响因素,对城市铺装道路、农村土路、裸露农田、沙漠和戈壁下垫面的地表矿物质颗粒物进行粒度研究。结果表明：从沉积物中值粒径来看,城市铺装道路表现为佛山市南海区（254.9μm）>杭州市桐庐县（247.5μm）>北京市（201.3μm）>南平市延平区（178.7μm）>兰州市（65.5μm）;赣州市湖江镇农村土路为131.3μm;兰州市榆中县裸露农田为21.1μm;沙漠和戈壁表现为腾格里沙漠（272.7μm）>塔克拉玛干沙漠（121.9μm）。总体来说,地表矿物质颗粒物的粒度分布与人类活动、地理位置、风速和季节等因素密切相关,人类活动对粒度分布的影响因人类活动的复杂而难以明确,风速不同将裹挟不同粒径颗粒物,不同季节风速与风向不同,不同地理位置人类活...     

A Review of Water Level Fluctuations on Aquatic Biota With an Emphasis on Fishes in Ice‐Covered Lakes1

Abstract: The effects of water level fluctuations on fish and other aquatic biota, with an emphasis on winter water withdrawal in northern regions is reviewed. Water demands for population growth and development are adding pressure on water reserves, particularly when coupled with changing climatic conditions. Water level fluctuations can have adverse effects on the environment, most notably to hydrologic and biotic processes ranging in magnitude from the micro‐scale to landscape level. Water level management of lakes and reservoirs can affect all forms of aquatic biota. The severity of effect is dependant on the magnitude, duration and timing of the fluctuation, and the species exposed. In northwestern Canada and northern Alaska, water is withdrawn from water bodies to construct ice‐roads and other winter based developments. Biota in small, isolated water bodies are particularly sensitive to reductions in winter water levels. Water withdrawals can reduce the oxygen available to overwintering fish, while reduced water levels can reduce habitat for fish and furbearers, and freeze littoral areas killing plants, invertebrates, and fish eggs. Regulatory winter water withdrawal thresholds have been developed in the Northwest Territories and Alaska and continue to be refined as new data becomes available. The use of thresholds can help minimize or avoid negative impacts to the environment, particularly fish, from winter water withdrawal activities. Many different factors may influence the effect that winter water withdrawal has on a water body, such as basin shape, substrate and location. More research is warranted to better understand the linkages between anthropogenic and natural water level fluctuations and their combined effect on aquatic ecosystems. A general decision support system is proposed for minimizing risk to aquatic life from winter water withdrawal activities.     

上海市郊道路地表径流多环芳烃污染特征对比及源解析

随着城市化发展,我国城市地表径流污染问题日益突出,交通道路地表径流多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染受到广泛关注.以上海中心城区(漕宝路)和郊区(嘉金高速)交通道路为研究对象,采集2017～2018年7场降雨地表动态径流水样,分析道路地表径流多环芳烃的质量浓度特征及组成比例,并采用特征比值法和正定矩阵因子法(positive matrix factorization,PMF)进行PAHs源解析,从而明确交通道路地表径流PAHs的污染特征及来源差异.结果表明,郊区嘉金高速Σ16PAHs的几何均值(5 539. 2 ng·L~(-1))高于市区漕宝路(548. 1 ng·L~(-1)) 10倍以上,与嘉金高速货车比例大且清扫频率相对较低有关.两个点位的苯并[a]芘[benzo(a) pyrene,Ba P]均超过国家排放标准,尤其嘉金高速超标21倍.漕宝路和嘉金高速径流PAHs组分比例差异不大,均以4～6环为主,占比约80%.通过特征比值法定性源解析发现,漕宝路PAHs主要来自燃煤源和交通源;嘉金高速PAHs主要来自石油、煤等燃烧源和交通源. PMF定量源解析表明,漕宝路径流PAHs来源以燃气、燃煤源为主,占48. 6%,其次为交通排放源和石油源,分别占29. 8%和21. 7%;嘉金高速道路径流PAHs来源贡献比从大到小依次为交通排放源、燃煤源、石油源以及炼焦源,其贡献率分别为38. 5%、34. 6%、14. 6%和12. 6%.市、郊道路的PAHs来源及贡献率存在显著差异,燃气、燃煤源是市区漕宝路地表径流PAHs主要来源,与其所在徐汇区人口密度大、燃气使用量相对较多有关;交通排放源是郊区嘉金高速地表径流PAHs主要来源,与其客、货车流量相对较大、其排放PAHs远高于轿车有关;另外嘉金高速PAHs来源还存在炼焦源,与青浦区工业煤炭使用量较大有关.     

不同等级道路对玛纳斯河流域土地利用与景观格局的影响

为揭示不同等级道路对干旱半干旱地区土地利用与景观格局变化的作用过程与机制,以玛纳斯河流域为例,选取1976年玛纳斯河流域不同等级道路为研究对象,基于1976年和2015年两期土地利用分类数据,利用缓冲区分析方法结合土地利用动态度、土地利用程度综合指数以及景观指数,分析近40年间各等级道路缓冲区及缓冲区梯度上土地利用与景观格局的变化规律。结果表明：（1）近40年来玛纳斯河流域各等级道路对流域土地利用变化影响显著且存在梯度效应,即距离道路越远,受各等级道路的扰动就越小;（2）各等级道路对周边整体土地利用变化的影响程度依次为：高速公路与国道>省道与专用道路>县道与乡道;（3）高速公路与国道、省道与专用道路、县道与乡道分别对其缓冲区范围内林地、水域和建设用地的土地利用变化影响最大;（4）近40年来各等级道路不同缓冲区范围内景观破碎度和异质性均有所增加,而景观蔓延度却有所降低;（5）高速公路与国道、省道与专用道路、县道与乡道分别对其两侧3600 m、600 m和300 m范围内景观的切割作用最为强烈,且距离道路越远景观形状受道路的干扰越小,景观形状越趋于规整。     

机动车不同速度下外噪声变化与衰减关系研究

通过在机动车测试场进行单辆机动车行驶状况的实验,研究机动车车型大小、行驶速度快慢与噪声量大小的关系,同时研究不同距离下机动车行驶外噪声的衰减规律。数据结果显示,测试条件下,噪声量随着速度提升而增加,呈线性关系或对数关系;相同速度下,大型车的噪声量比小型车的高8.1～11.0dB;在一定距离范围内,距离每增加3.5m,机动车噪声量将衰减2.2～3.0dB。     

Effects of Roads on the Structure of Freshwater Turtle Populations

Abstract:  Road mortality has the potential to alter the structure of turtle populations because turtle populations are highly sensitive to additive sources of adult mortality. To address the issue, we captured painted turtles (   Chrysemys picta ; n = 174) and snapping turtles (   Chelydra serpentina ; n = 56) in 18 wetlands surrounded by low road density (≤1.5 km roads/km² of landscape) and 17 wetlands surrounded by high road density (>1.5 km/km²) in central New York in 2002. High road density was associated with male-biased sex ratios in painted turtles (74% vs. 54% males; p = 0.01) and snapping turtles (95% vs. 74% males; p = 0.08), whereas turtle morphology and abundance were not associated with road density. Disproportionate road mortality of females on nesting migrations is the most likely cause of skewed sex ratios.     

The Role of Roadsides in Plant Invasions: a Demographic Approach

Abstract:  Non-native plant species are common along roadsides, but presence does not necessarily indicate spread along the road axis. Roadsides may serve merely as habitat for a species spreading independently of roads. The potential conduit function of roads depends on the habitat specificity of the spreading species, its dispersal range relative to the spacing of roads in the landscape, and the relative importance of long- and short-range dispersal. We describe a demographic model of the road × species interaction and suggest methods of assessing conduit function in the field based on the model results. A species limited to roadside habitat will be constrained to spread along the road axis unless its long-range dispersal is sufficient to carry it across the intervening unfavorable area to another road. It will propagate along a road corridor at a rate determined by the scale of short-range dispersal. Effective management of an invasion requires distinguishing between the habitat and conduit functions, a distinction difficult to make with only snapshot data. Invasions can be reconstructed by several methods, but none is totally satisfactory. We suggest comparing stem distributions on transects parallel and perpendicular to the road axis, and beside the road, and away from it, with an idealized Gaussian curve. Such comparisons would allow discrimination between pattern determined by habitat suitability and pattern reflecting random and facilitated dispersal.