Evidence-Based Knowledge Versus Negotiated Indicators for Assessment of Ecological Sustainability: The Swedish Forest Stewardship Council Standard as a Case Study

Assessing ecological sustainability involves monitoring of indicators and comparison of their states with performance targets that are deemed sustainable. First, a normative model was developed centered on evidence-based knowledge about (a) forest composition, structure, and function at multiple scales, and (b) performance targets derived by quantifying the habitat amount in naturally dynamic forests, and as required for presence of populations of specialized focal species. Second, we compared the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification standards’ ecological indicators from 1998 and 2010 in Sweden to the normative model using a Specific, Measurable, Accurate, Realistic, and Timebound (SMART) indicator approach. Indicator variables and targets for riparian and aquatic ecosystems were clearly under-represented compared to terrestrial ones. FSC’s ecological indicators expanded over time from composition and structure towards function, and from finer to coarser spatial scales. However, SMART indicators were few. Moreover, they poorly reflected quantitative evidence-based knowledge, a consequence of the fact that forest certification mirrors the outcome of a complex social negotiation process.     

Acetamiprid,carbendazim, diuron and thiamethoxam sorption in two Brazilian tropical soils

Sorption of acetamiprid ((E)-N1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-N2-cyano-N1-methylacetamidine), carbendazim (methyl benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate), diuron (N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N, N-dimethyl urea) and thiamethoxam (3-(2-chloro-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl-[1,3,5]oxadiazinan-4-ylidene-N-nitroamine) was evaluated in two Brazilian tropical soils, Oxisol and Entisol, from Primavera do Leste region, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. To describe the sorption process, batch experiments were carried out. Linear and Freundlich isotherm models were used to calculate the K _d and K _f coefficients from experimental data. The K _d values were utilized to calculate the partition coefficient normalized to soil organic carbon (K _oc ). For the pesticides acetamiprid, carbendazim, diuron and thiamenthoxan the K _oc (mL g^{? 1}) values ranged in both soils from 98 – 3235, 1024 – 2644, 145 – 2631 and 104 – 2877, respectively. From the studied pesticides, only carbendazim presented correlation (r² = 0.82 and p < 0.01) with soil organic carbon (OC) content. Acetamiprid and thiamethoxam showed low sorption coefficients, representing a high risk of surface and ground water contamination.     

聚硅酸铁(PSF)混凝剂硅铁反应过程研究

以水玻璃、硫酸亚铁及氯酸钠为原料,用共聚法制备不同Si/Fe比的聚硅酸铁(PSF)混凝剂(PSF0.5、PSF1、PSF3分别指Si/Fe摩尔比为0.5、1、3),同时监测制备过程中pH的变化,并就不同共聚反应时间的样品,分别采用X-射线衍射法(XRD)、紫外吸收(UVA)扫描法、透射电镜法(TEM)、光子相关光谱法(PCS)及红外光谱法(IR)对其反应过程的微观品质进行多方面表征.结果表明,PSF是硅铁反应的共聚物,而不是简单的原料复配.不同Si/Fe比的PSF具有不同的硅铁成键速度、成键方式及成键稳定性,低Si/Fe比主要生成以Si—O—Fe—O—Fe—O—Si键络合的物种,而高Si/Fe比主要生成以Si—O—Fe—O—Si—O—Si键络合的物种,Fe—O—Fe键的形成速度快并且与Si—O—Fe键的形成可能有相互促进作用,而Si—O—Si键(硅酸聚合)形成速度慢并且与Si—O—Fe键的形成可能有相互阻碍作用,Fe—O—Fe键的稳定性比Si—O—Fe或Si—O—Si键差.对于PSF中硅铁不同成键模式的分析为合成高性能、高稳定性的硅酸铁类混凝剂以及为优势形态控制提供了一定的理论基础.     

桦木硫酸盐木素的改性及树脂的合成研究

本文对桦木硫酸盐木素的改性及其在酚醛树脂中的应用进行了研究。结果发现,利用单因素法对木素硫改性进行分析时,其最佳条件为：硫用量５％,碱用量４％,最高温度２６０℃,保温时间１５ｍｉｎ。改性后木素甲氧基含量由原来的１８．８１％变为１１．８４％。利用改性及未改性木素取代苯酚合成木素酚醛树脂时,当两种木素分别取代６０％的苯酚,使用桦木为单板时,基胶合强度虽然低于同样条件下酚醛树脂在胶合强度,但仍能达到国标     

不同晶型锰氧化物去除水中亚甲基蓝染料的研究

利用溶液法和固态合成法制备α、β、γ和δ晶型粉末二氧化锰,借助等电点测定技术、颗粒计数仪、傅立叶-红外光谱、X射线衍射光谱和原子力显微镜对其性质进行了表征;并通过静态吸附平衡实验考察了上述物质对水溶液中阳离子染料亚甲基蓝的去除效能.结果表明,δ二氧化锰去除染料的能力相对最强,试验条件下染料去除率达99.0%,脱色能力受pH变化的影响也最小;其脱色机理可能是染料中的N原子与二氧化锰表面羟基形成的氢键作用,以及静电吸引的叠加,其中氢键去除占主导地位.其它晶型的二氧化锰只在强酸性时存在表面羟基;故只在强酸性时有良好的脱色能力.pH值是影响去除染料能力的关键因素,脱色能力随pH值的变化规律因晶型而异,体系温度和颗粒分布也对去除能力有一定影响.     

香港消防性能化设计的简略介绍

介绍了香港在消防工种领域性能化设计的应用和发展。简单地阐述了国际上的消防工程性能化设计的发展。概述目前的性能化设计现状并给出经验总结。     

高效液相色谱法分离和测定甲醛和苯酚

本文讨论了高效液相色谱分离和测定甲醛和苯酚的条件，并对酚醛树脂生产废水进行了实际测定，结果令人满意。     

水污染源氨氮自动监测设备比对试验考核指标探讨

对15家氨氮自动监测设备比对试验考核不合格的污水厂及印染厂的考核情况进行了分析，发现目前水污染源氨氮自动监测设备比对试验考核指标存在一些问题。结合水污染源在线监测系统运行与考核技术规范以及地表水自动监测技术规范，提出了水污染源氨氮自动监测系统按照不同排放浓度实施不同比对试验考核指标的建议。     

美国空气质量许可证制度及其启示

美国空气质量许可证制度是美国控制污染的一项重要的环保措施,经过几十年的实践已经形成了完善的框架和丰富的内涵,可为我国在建构和完善排污许可证制度的过程中作一借鉴。美国的空气质量许可证制度有周密细致的法律法规和先进成熟的科学技术作为支持,在理论上其性质定位为一种事先的全面的许可,在实践上许可证的执行强调企业的责任和技术的更新,并引入排污削减指标的交易政策把环保事业推向市场,这些都是我国的排污许可证制度所值得研究和学习的。     

Processes in Pollution Management: An Australian Model

/ This paper describes a model of the social and institutional processes involved in the solution of major pollution problems from the time they are first identified until they are resolved. The model is empirically demonstrated using four case studies of water and air pollution problems from Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Each process of the model is quantified by the use of an indicator, e.g., number of articles in newspapers to measure the process "publicconcern," number of pages of text devoted to parliamentary debates to measure the process "political action." The case study data are presented on a time-line graph that shows the duration and magnitude of each process. The paper illustrates three aspects of the solution of major pollution problems: the long time frames involved, the importance of public opinion in initiating the solution process, and the partial nature of solutions-problems may be politically resolved but often a complete solution is not achieved. An understanding of social and institutional processes and time frames will enable planners and policy makers to communicate to the public and politicians the consequences of delay in acting to solve pollution and to direct attention to critical areas to expedite solutions.KEY WORDS: Pollution problems; Management process model; Performance indicators; Air pollution; Water pollution