Desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from field-contaminated soil to a two-dimensional hydrophobic surface before and after bioremediation

This study investigated environmental distributions and production mechanisms of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs) in the sediments from some tidal flats located in Asia. Cl-PAHs were found in sediments taken from Arao tidal flat, Kikuchigawa River and Shirakawa River. The range of ∑Cl-PAHs was from 25.5 to 483 pg g⁻¹ for Kikuchigawa River and Arao tidal flat, respectively.Concentrations of PAHs and Cl-PAHs showed no significant correlations (r = 0.134). This result suggests that the origins of these compounds differ. In the identified Cl-PAH isomers, the most abundant Cl-PAH isomer was 9,10-dichloroanthracene (9,10-di-Cl-ANT) in the three sites. In general, concentrations of Cl-ANTs in the coastal environment are about 3-5 orders of magnitude lower than those of anthracene (ANT). However, concentration ratios between Cl-ANTs and ANT (Cl-ANTs/ANT) in the sediments ranged from 4.1% to 24.6%. This result indicated that Cl-PAHs were not generated under industrial processes but the high concentration ratios have resulted from the contribution of photochemical production of Cl-ANTs in the sediments because ANT is known to have high photochemical reactivity.For examining this phenomenon, ANT adsorbed onto glass beads was irradiated with UV under the mimicked field conditions of tidal flats. As a result, it was noticed that, while chlorinated derivatives were negligible in a light-controlled group, production of 2-Cl-ANT, 9-Cl-ANT and 9,10-diCl-ANT on the irradiated surface were found in this study. These results suggest that photochemical reaction of PAHs can be a potential source of the occurrence of Cl-PAHs in the coastal environment.     

采油废水中多环芳烃的生态风险评价

先利用C-18固相萃取小柱富集大港油田港东联合处理站污水处理站的采油废水中16种多环芳烃(PAHs,即萘、苊烯、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽和苯并[g,h,i]苝),再用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析测定其浓度,以评价PAHs的去除率和生态风险。结果表明:(1)采油废水经处理后,COD、石油类去除率分别达到82.27%、91.06%;外排水COD、石油类达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)一级标准要求,优于中国采油废水处理的一般水平。(2)采油废水主要以2、3环的PAHs为主,约占总量的93%以上。(3)苯并[a]芘超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中限值。(4)处理前的采油废水中蒽、菲和苯并[a]芘具有一定的生态风险;处理后的外排水中萘、蒽、菲、荧蒽、苯并[a]芘的暴露浓度(PEC)/预测无效应浓度(PNEC)均小于1,目前尚未对环境造成威胁。但是8种PAHs(苊烯和苯并类PAHs除外)总和表现出较大的毒性,需要引起重视。     

应用表面活性剂-生物柴油微乳液去除污染土壤中多环芳烃

针对修复焦化厂高浓度多环芳烃污染土壤高成本的现实,采用以非食用性植物油、生物柴油、表面活性剂及其乳化合成的微乳液为淋洗剂,比较不同淋洗剂的淋洗效果。结果表明乳化合成的微乳液对焦化厂土壤中多环芳烃的总去除率高于单独使用表面活性剂为淋洗剂对土壤中多环芳烃的总去除率,说明生物柴油及植物油与表面活性剂乳化形成的微乳液对原污染土壤中的多环芳烃具有显著的增溶作用。1%TW-80和2.5%TW-80对土壤中多环芳烃总去除率分别为11%和14%;以2.5%TW-80为原料乳化合成的微乳液的淋洗去除率较以1%TW-80为原料乳化合成的微乳液高,总去除率分别为15%～30%和11%～18%;以生物柴油为原料乳化合成的微乳液的淋洗去除率较以植物油为原料乳化合成的微乳液高,分别为17%～30%和15%～23%,且对多环芳烃的去除率与其辛醇水分配系数(logKow)呈线性相关关系。     

西安市大气中多环芳烃的季节变化及健康风险评价

对西安市2009年6月-2010年5月空气中的总悬浮颗粒（TSP）和气态样品进行了连续采样,利用GC—MS对16种PAHs进行分析。∑PAHs浓度（气相＋颗粒相）范围为39．93～1032．46ng／m^3,平均值为197．34ng／m^3;其中,冬季大气中∑PAHs浓度最大,相对浓度的范围为31．21％～72．98％,而夏季的浓度最小;检测出16种2～6环的PAHs,其中以3—4环为主。利用特征分子比值法和因子分析进行源解析,发现研究区PAHs的主要来源为燃煤和机动车尾气排放。通过苯并（a）芘（BaP）等效毒性（BEQ）和苯并（a）芘等效致癌浓度（BaPE）进行健康风险评价,结果显示,西安大气中PAHs的毒性具有明显的季节差异,特别是秋季和冬季大气中PAHs对人类的健康存在较大的潜在威胁。     

Assessment of honey contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The aim of this study was to assess honey contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Six species of honey were examined, as well as rape blossom and soil from villages P?czerzyno and Przybys?aw in West Pomerania, Poland. The instrumental analysis was performed using a HP 6890 gas chromatograph coupled to a HP 5973 mass spectrometer with selected ion monitoring (SIM). Quantification was done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using perdeuterated internal standards. Both soil samples showed high levels of all 23 PAHs, whereas honey contained mostly non-carcinogenic PAHs of low molecular weight. The most contaminated honey from P?czerzyno contained 0.24 μg kg-1 benzo[a]pyrene. Moreover, despite low contamination of honey, a positive correlation was found between PAH content in honey, blossom and soil.     

Factors influencing on the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in size-specific dust from air conditioner filters

Size-specific concentrations and bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust from air conditioner filters were measured, and the factors influencing the PBDE bioaccessibility were determined. Generally, the PBDE concentrations increased with decreasing dust particle size, and BDE209 (deca-BDE) was generally the predominant congener. The bioaccessibility ranged from 20.3% to 50.8% for tri- to hepta-BDEs, and from 5.1% to 13.9% for BDE209 in dust fractions of varied particle size. The bioaccessibility of most PBDE congeners decreased with increasing dust particle size. The way of being of PBDE (adsorbed to dust surface or incorporated into polymers) in dust significantly influenced the bioaccessibility. There was a significant negative correlation between the tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility and organic matter (OM) contents in dust. Furthermore, tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility increased with increasing polarity of OMs, while with decreasing aromaticity of OMs. The tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility significantly positively correlated with the surface areas and pore volumes of dust. Using multiple linear regression analysis, it was found that the OM contents and pore volumes of dust were the most important factors to influence the tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility and they could be used to estimate the bioaccessibility of tri- to hepta-BDEs according to the following equation: bioaccessibility (%) = 45.05 − 0.49 × OM% + 1.79 × pore volume. However, BDE209 bioaccessibility did not correlate to any of these factors.     

底泥中多环芳烃(PAHs)提取方法评析

总结了底泥中多环芳烃(PAHs)提取的处理流程和国内外多种提取方法,比较了几种在我国较为常用的提取方法的效率.同时还提出了PAHs分离纯化的方法和步骤,并指出了提取过程中影响实验回收率的几个因素.     

聚苯乙烯基硫代磺酸钾树脂的合成及其与卤代烃的反应

由聚苯乙烯基磺酰氯树脂与硫化氢钾反应制备聚苯乙烯基硫代磺酸钾树脂（Ｉ）,树脂Ｉ与亲电的卤代烃反应,生成聚苯乙烯基硫代磺酸酯树脂（Ⅱ）,树脂Ⅱ经过乙硫醇处理,使卤代烃结构部分以不对称二硫醚的形式游离下来,用ＧＣ／ＭＳ对其结构进行鉴定。从不对称二硫醚的结构可推导出原卤代烃的结构,所制备的聚苯乙烯基硫代磺酸钾树脂的转化效率为１．１１ｍｍｏｌ·ｇ＾－１。     

Measurement of particulate phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) around a petroleum refinery

A study on concentrations of ambient particulates viz. total suspended particulate matters (TSP), respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were carried out at six sites around the Asia’s largest, 12 MMTPA, petroleum refinery in west coast of India. PAH concentrations are correlated with each other in these sites, suggesting that they have related sources and sinks. The present article discusses the monitoring aspects such as sample collection, pretreatment and analytical methods and compares the monitored levels for assessing the source receptor distribution pattern. The main sources of RSPM and PAHs in urban air are automobile exhaust (CPCB, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air and their effects on human health. “”, 2003; Manuel et al., Environmental Science and Technology, 13: 227–231, 2004) and industrial emissions like petroleum refinery (Vo-Dinh, Chemical analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Wiley: New York, 1989; Wagrowaski and Hites, Environmental Science and Technology, 31: 279–282, 1997). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous constituents of urban airborne particulate mostly generated by anthropogenic activities (Li et al., Environmental Science and Technology, 37:1958–2965, 2003; Thorsen et al., Environmental Science and Technology, 38: 2029–2037, 2004; Ohura et al., Environmental Science and Technology, 32: 450–455, 2004) and some of them are of major health concern mainly due to their well-known carcinogenic and mutagenic properties (Soclo et al., Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40: 387–396, 2000; Chen et al., Environment International, 28: 659–668, 2003; Larsen and Baker, Environmental Science and Technology, 32: 450–455, 2003). Limited information is available on PAHs contributions from refineries to ambient air. Hence this study would not only create a database but also provide necessary inputs towards dose-response relationship for fixing standards. Also, since it acts as precursor to green house gas, the data would be useful for climate change assessments. The objective of this article is to find out the concentration of PAHs in particulate matter around petroleum refinery and compare with their concentrations in major Indian urban centers.     

云南曲靖某煤化工基地及周边土壤中多环芳烃的检测研究

采用快速溶剂提取处理土壤样品,利用气相色谱质谱内标法测定土壤中多环芳烃,其检出限范围为2.01~3.68μg/kg,相对标准偏差为2.6%~14.7%,加标回收率为67.1%~119%。结果表明,此方法具有良好的灵敏度、准确度和精密度。本研究对11个不同采样点土壤进行了检测分析,并考察了土壤中多环芳烃的污染水平。