若干典型岩性区域沉积物金属元素地球化学特征比较研究

研究了４种成片分布的典型岩性（页岩、石灰岩、花岗岩、黄土）区域沉积物金属元素（Ｌｉ、Ｎａ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｓｒ、Ｂａ、Ｔｉ、Ｖ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ａｌ等共１６种）总量与形态特征．结果表明：这４种岩性区域沉积物金属元素含量与形态均有显著的差别．与其它岩性相比，黄土地区易迁移元素含量高，而重金属含量显著较低；其金属元素残渣态含量高，而有机态、铁锰氧化物态和可交换态含量低．石灰岩地区重金属含量较高，而易迁移元素如Ｎａ，Ｓｒ等含量则较低；其重金属元素残渣态含量不偏低，表明经风化作用释放出来的重金属参与了次生矿物的形成过程而得以富集．花岗岩地区重金属含量居中，而Ｆｅ和Ａｌ含量较高；其金属元素残渣态含量不偏高则与风化作用较强有关．页岩地区元素含量与形态均居中，代表了各种岩性的平均水平．     

多因素影响下巷道变形特性数值模拟研究

基于FLAC3D有限差分软件对开挖深度、侧压力系数、断面形状等多因素影响下的巷道变形参数进行正交试验，根据正交试验分析结果，分别选取同一深度条件下的圆形、马蹄形、直墙拱形、矩形巷道进行模拟试验并以圆形巷道作为典型断面，对不同深度下的巷道变形特征进行模拟试验。研究结果表明:开挖深度对巷道开挖后的应力差变化影响明显，断面形状对巷道围岩内的塑性区深度和具有显著影响；巷道开挖后的塑性区深度和随形状指数增加而呈线性增长趋势，圆形巷道的塑性区深度和最小，矩形最大；应力差随着巷道开挖深度的增加呈线性增加，深部开采应重视巷道内的应力分布情况。     

长江源头区孟宗小流域泥石流危害成因与防治对策浅析

通过对长江源头孟宗流域泥石流成因的调查，列举泥石流危害典型事例，分析了泥石流发生的条件和影响因素及其不同侵蚀类型在泥石流成因中所起的作用，并进一步提出了泥石流危害的防治对策。     

基于统一强度理论的松散岩体的围岩压力计算

对于软弱破碎岩体,在埋深较浅的情况下,可以采用太沙基理论计算围岩压力。破裂面两侧作用着摩擦力,采用统一强度理论考虑破裂面两侧的摩擦力,从应力传递概念出发,推得了作用于衬砌上的垂直围岩压力公式。计算结果表明强度理论的效应是明显的。本文给出了围岩压力的范围值。     

岩溶地区基础设计与处理

本文根据工程实例,介绍了岩溶地区的基础设计与处理。     

四川盆地沉积岩矿复杂矿物定名微机处理程序

岩石化学成分计算及矿物定名是一项复杂的劳动 ,过去都是手工计算 ,劳动强度大 ,准确率低。为了解决这一问题 ,利用Basic语言编写了RNCAC微机处理程序 ,对四川盆地沉积岩成分进行了计算 ,并对复杂矿物进行了定名。经手工检验 ,该程序计算准确率高 ,计算迅速 ,可以有效提高工作效率 ,减轻劳动强度。     

锡矿山锑矿田硅化岩的稀土元素特征及其地质意义

湘中锡矿山锑矿田是世界闻名的超大型锑矿田。本文系统地叙述了该矿田该中各矿床蚀变硅化岩及其原岩的稀土元素地球化学特征 ,并在此基础上探讨了稀土元素所反映的地质意义。研究表明 ,尽管硅化岩的稀土元素地球化学特征与原岩相比有所改变 ,但仍可根据硅化岩的稀土元素地球化学特征来恢复原岩 ;根据硅化灰岩的稀土元素地球化学特征可以推测硅质岩的物质来源于地壳上部 ,结合本区硅化岩的硅同位素组成特点 ,可以推测硅质交代中的硅来源于周围地层 ;硅化岩的稀土元素变化特征证明了岩性为石灰岩的层位易于发生硅化 ,从而有利于矿化层的形成。     

红壤上直接施用磷矿粉的增产效果和改土作用

综述了红壤上施用磷矿粉对油菜产量、土壤铝毒和土壤化学性质的影响，认为磷矿粉直接施用于酸性土壤上，除增加土壤有效磷含量从而提高作物产量外，还能提高土壤ｐＨ值，增加交换性钙含量和降低交换态铝含量，增加土壤负电荷量，是一种低投入的土壤改良剂，在有条件的地区宜予推广。     

Anomalous transport of colloids and solutes in a shear zone

Transport experiments with colloids and radionuclides in a shear zone were conducted during the Colloid and Radionuclide Retardation experiment (CRR) at Nagra's Grimsel Test Site. Breakthrough curves of bentonite colloids and uranine, a non-sorbing solute, were measured in an asymmetric dipole flow field. The colloid breakthrough is earlier than that of uranine. Both breakthrough curves show anomalously long late time tails and the slope of the late time tails for the colloids is slightly higher. Anomalous late time tails are commonly associated with matrix diffusion processes; the diffusive interaction of solutes transported in open channels with the adjacent porous rock matrix or zones of stagnant water. The breakthrough curves for different colloid size classes are very similar and show no signs of fractionation due to their (size-dependent) diffusivity. It is proposed that tailing of the colloids is mainly caused by the structure of the flow field and that for the colloid transport, matrix diffusion is of minor importance. This has consequences for the interpretation of the uranine breakthrough. Comparisons of experimental results with numerical studies and with the evaluation of the colloid breakthrough with continuous time random theory imply that the tailing in the conservative solute breakthrough in this shear zone is not only caused by matrix diffusion. Part of the tailing can be attributed to advective transport in fracture networks and advection in low velocity regions. Models based on the advection-dispersion equation and matrix diffusion do not properly describe the temporal and spatial evolution of colloid and solute transport in such systems with a consistent set of parameters.     

Copulatory plugs do not assure high first male fertilisation success: sperm displacement in a lizard

Sperm competition selects for opposing male defensive and offensive reproductive traits, and its outcome may be determined by the effectiveness to which one trait has evolved to out-compete the other. We tested the effectiveness of a first male plug physical interference with a second male insemination (defence) vs the effectiveness of plug and associated sperm displacement by a second male (offence) on the outcome of sperm competition in Iberian rock lizards. We conducted a double mating experiment where we compared the proportion of eggs per clutch fertilised by the same second males (against the same first males) when they copulated with females 30 min (first male plug adhered firmly inside the female cloaca) and 4 h (first male plug loosely adhered or shed from the female cloaca) after first males. We found that second males fertilised the majority of the eggs per clutch in the 30-min treatment, whereas fertilisations were equally shared between the two males in the 4-h treatment. These results show that plugs have little defensive effectiveness, and thus, do not assure high first male fertilisation success. Instead, sperm displacement appears to be associated with plug displacement. That is, because sperm embedded in first male plugs, and displaced from competition for fertilisations by second males, is expected to increase in number with decreasing time allowed for female sperm transport, second males thus enjoy higher fertilisation success. This study shows that offensive plug displacement out-competes plug defensive role in Iberian rock lizards. Moreover, it reveals sperm displacement as a novel sperm competition mechanism in reptiles.