Physiological and biochemical responses of Microcystis aeruginosa to phosphite

Phosphorus (P) is a key biological element and limiting nutrient in aquatic environments. Phosphate (+5) is traditionally associated with the P nutrient supply. However, phosphite (+3) has recently generated a great deal of interest, because of the possibility that it is a P source based on recognition of its vital role in the original life of the early earth. This study investigated whether phosphite can be an alternative P source for Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806, one of the predominant bloom species in freshwater systems. The results indicated that M. aeruginosa could not utilize phosphite as a sole P-nutrient directly for cell growth at any concentration, but that phosphite could boost cell numbers and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) content as long as phosphate was provided simultaneously. Specifically, Chl-a production increased sharply when 5.44 mg P L⁻¹ phosphite was added to 0.54 mg P L⁻¹ phosphate medium. Analysis of the maximum yield of PSII indicated that phosphite may stimulate the photosynthesis process of cells in phosphate-phosphite medium. In addition, phosphite failed to support cell growth, even though it more readily permeated the cells in P-deficient medium than in P-sufficient medium. Alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) analysis indicated that, unlike organic P, phosphite inhibits the response of cells to deficient P status, especially under P-deprived conditions.     

Fabrication, calibration and evaluation of a phosphate ion-selective microelectrode

To conduct the micro-environment study of flocs in an enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process, a phosphate ion-selective microelectrode was developed. The cobalt-based microelectrodes have tip diameters of 5-20 μm and respond to all the three forms of phosphate ions, namely, H₂PO₄⁻, HPO₄²⁻, and PO₄³⁻. The calibration curve at pH 7.5 had a slope of 31.5 mV per decade change of concentration and a R² value of 0.99. Other characteristics of this microelectrode, such as response time, interferences from pH, ion strength, DO and other anions were also evaluated.     

多重线性软化材料的拉伸应变局部化及力学行为分析

峰后线性应变软化本构关系的拉伸局部化带内部的塑性应变分布及试样的峰后应力—应变关系的理论解答不适用于复杂情形,在双线性应变软化条件下,得到了拉伸局部化带内部的塑性拉伸应变分布及试样的峰后应力—应变关系的理论表达式,又将其推广为多重线性应变软化情形,这在一定程度上拓展了考虑峰后应变局部化的单向拉伸试样力学行为模型的适用范围。拓展后的模型具有广泛的适用性,可模拟峰后的Ⅰ类及Ⅱ类(回跳)行为。通过选择适当的塑性模量(依赖于应力水平)与拉伸局部化带宽度的比值,本文的模型可以精确地模拟多种准脆性材料(例如岩石及混凝土)在单向拉伸条件下的复杂的峰后力学行为。     

基于重力加载比例法的岩质边坡稳定性分析

根据岩质边坡的稳定性主要由边坡内部的结构面所控制的特点,采用有限元重力加载比例法对含有一组平行节理面和含两组节理面的岩质边坡进行数值模拟,分析表明:与强度折减法相比,采用有限元重力加载比例法能更加快速地计算出岩质边坡的安全系数,节省计算耗时和人工干预的工作量,并能通过塑性应变的发展分析其破坏过程,确定潜在的滑动面。     

Feasibility of phosphate fertilizer to immobilize cadmium in a field

To reduce effectively cadmium (Cd) phytoextractability by phosphate fertilizer in Cd contaminated soil, fused and superphosphate (FSP) was applied at the rate of 0, 33.5 (recommendation level), 167.5, and 335 kg P ha⁻¹ for radish (Raphanus sativa L.). Unlike from what we expected, soil Cd extractability and Cd concentration in radish increased with increasing FSP application in the field. To determine the effect of FSP on Cd immobilization, FSP was mixed with the selected soil at the rate of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mg P kg⁻¹ and then incubated for 8 weeks. As observed in the field study, NH₄OAc extractable Cd concentration increased slightly with FSP addition up to 400 mg P kg⁻¹ and thereafter dramatically decreased upon increasing its application rate. Soil pH and negative charge were decreased at low level of FSP application up to 400 mg P kg⁻¹, but thereafter continually increased with increasing application level. This could be indirect evidence that net soil negative charge was increased by the specific adsorption of phosphate at the high rate of FSP application over 400 mg P kg⁻¹. The labile Cd fraction (water soluble and exchangeable + acidic fraction) increased with increasing FSP application by 400 mg P kg⁻¹ and thereafter gradually decreased with corresponding increase in unlabile fraction (oxidizable and residual fraction). Based on these results, FSP might be applied with a very high rate over 800 mg P kg⁻¹ to decrease Cd extractability in the selected field. However, this level is equivalent to 1440 kg P ha⁻¹, which is about 43 times higher than the recommendation levels for radish production and resulted in a significant increase in water soluble P concentration creating a new environmental problem. Therefore, the feasibility of FSP to reduce Cd extractability in the field is very low.     

The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae can enhance arsenic tolerance in Medicago truncatula by increasing plant phosphorus status and restricting arsenate uptake

A pot experiment examined the biomass and As uptake of Medicago truncatula colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae in low-P soil experimentally contaminated with different levels of arsenate. The biomass of G. mosseae external mycelium was unaffected by the highest addition level of As studied (200 mg kg⁻¹) but shoot and root biomass declined in both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants, indicating that the AM fungus was more tolerant than M. truncatula to arsenate. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased shoot and root dry weights by enhancing host plant P nutrition and lowering shoot and root As concentrations compared with uninoculated plants. The AM fungus may have been highly tolerant to As and conferred enhanced tolerance to arsenate on the host plant by enhancing P nutrition and restricting root As uptake.     

复杂应力条件下地基岩石细观破坏研究

为了研究复杂应力条件下的深基坑岩石细观破坏问题,本构方程采用由应变空间导出的弹塑性损伤细观力学模型,借助有限元计算方法,实现了岩石三维破裂过程的数值模拟。采用细观破坏单元网格消去法,实现了有限元模拟裂纹扩展过程;利用位移加载来实现岩石逐渐破裂过程;数值模拟灰岩单轴拉伸及压缩破坏试验、双轴拉伸破坏试验和三轴受压破坏试验,得到其非线性应力—应变曲线和不同载荷阶段弹塑性损伤破裂演化系列图像;分析细观非均匀性对岩石宏观破裂力学行为的影响。研究表明,在复杂应力条件下,随着围压增大,峰值抗压强度明显提高,塑性变形明显增大。本文研究对深基坑施工过程中预防工程事故的发生具有借鉴意义。     

岩石变形破裂过程中电荷感应信号的检测

设计了采用非接触方式、高放大倍数、高效率的电荷传感器,并给出了电荷传感器的设计原理和技术指标。利用研制的电荷传感器对岩石变形破裂过程中产生的电荷感应信号进行了检测试验。结果表明,岩石在变形破裂过程中会产生电荷感应信号,并能够被研制的电荷传感器检测到;电荷感应信号是瞬时脉冲的;随着加载应力水平的增加,电荷感应信号强度增强,在峰值应力前,电荷感应信号强度达到最大值;在破裂面接收到的电荷感应信号较强,主破裂面接收到的信号最强,因而电荷的产生和岩石的破裂有很大的关系。作为正在探索的检测岩石破坏过程的手段之一,电荷感应方法应是一种很具潜力的方法,值得深入研究。     

特别破碎测压围岩环境改造工艺技术研究

由于静水压力和流动阻力的存在,浆液在围岩裂隙中的渗透扩散范围有限,对于具有较厚特别破碎围岩的石门测压环境来说,一次注浆难以达到预期效果,因此本文提出采用逐段注浆法来实现封堵、充填导水围岩裂隙,增强围岩的承载能力,防止塌孔,一次成孔,为石门测压提供一个良好的围岩环境。并通过在平煤十一矿-800m石门测压试验与应用的顺利进行,论证了逐段注浆法改变特别破碎围岩测压环境的可行性。     

爆破拆除高耸建筑物触地危害分析与控制

分析爆破拆除高耸建筑物倒塌触地产生的危害:触地震动、触地飞石和超压气流。基于一般塌落质点振动速度公式,提出3种减少震动危害的措施;根据抛体运动规律,得出触地飞石水平飞行范围,提出3种减少触地飞石危害的措施;在分析超压气流危害机理的基础上,提出了3种减少超压气流危害的措施。并引用实例进行分析说明。