川藏公路南线然乌-鲁朗段工程地质分区

川藏公路南线然乌-鲁朗段工程地质条件极差,致使该地区各种地质灾害十分严重.采用岩石工程系统(RES)方法对川藏公路南线然乌-鲁朗段进行了半定量的工程地质分区.首先,通过现场调查,根据地质灾害特点、工程地质条件和实践经验,对川藏公路南线然乌-鲁朗段进行了初步工程地质分区.然后在多因素相互作用关系矩阵基础上,定义了工程地质条件评价因子(EGAF),根据EGAF,对每个亚区的工程地质条件进行了半定量的评价,验证了初步工程地质分区的正确性.最后,将研究区分成了3个区和9个亚区,并绘制了相应的工程地质分区图.     

Microbial hydrolysis of polysaccharides and organic phosphates in the Northern Adriatic Sea

g -glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase, two ectoenzymes involved in the microbial decomposition of polysaccharides and organic phosphates, were evaluated in water samples collected from two areas of the Northern Adriatic Sea during the multidisciplinary Prisma II research project. The distribution of g -glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase is reported together with that of leucine aminopeptidase, an enzyme involved in the degradation of protein compounds. The data obtained showed the prevalence of g -glucosidase in summer months in the northern area, located in front of the Po delta, while in winter it is higher in the southern area (in front of Ancona). Phosphatase activity during February, 1998 had a maximum of 107 r nml m 1 h m 1 at a coastal station in the northern area; this enzyme appeared to be mainly associated with phytoplankton because the increase in alkaline phosphatase was associated with the increase of phytoplankton biomass, measured by chlorophyll a content. The relations between the microbial activities and environmental parameters are discussed.     

古土壤地层盾构施工引起的地表沉降分析

针对西安地铁上覆含有古土壤的黄土地层中盾构施工引起的地表沉降,在分析其产生机理、盾构施工数值模拟过程、基于经验公式的Peck地表沉降计算方法的基础上,探讨了基于注浆效果、支护压力以及偏心超挖的等代层厚度计算方法;具体分析了盾构施工数值模拟过程中的等代层弹性模量和掌子面支护压力比与Peck地表沉降计算公式中最大沉降量和沉降槽宽度之间的关系。研究结果表明,在含有古土壤的黄土地层中进行盾构施工数值模拟时,等代层模量的取值在5～10MPa范围之内,当等代层模量小于5 MPa时,隧道围岩将产生较大的塑性变形;掌子面支护压力比取值在0.5～1.0范围之内,当掌子面支护压力比小于0.5时,掌子面附近土体将产生较大的塑性变形,当掌子面支护压力比大于1时,地表将产生隆起变形。     

考虑岩体各向异性强度的隧洞围岩稳定性分析

岩体中普遍存在着大量的节理裂隙等不连续面,这些不连续面对岩体的强度有着重要的影响。以具有较密集成组节理的岩体为研究对象,以Drucker-Prager准则和裂隙应力张开准则为基础,分别考虑岩块和节理面各自的物理力学性质,研究岩体在各向异性强度准则下的理论方法,并建立了岩体各向异性本构模型,用以描述节理岩体在强度方面的各向异性及其破坏特征。将该模型用于隧洞围岩稳定性分析工程中,研究表明,该模型可以较好地解释节理岩体围岩的破坏特征,与工程实践相符。研究成果对我国地下石油、核废料储存以及深埋地下工程的设计与施工具有重要的指导意义。     

Relationship between EMR and dissipated energy of coal rock mass during cyclic loading process

Dynamic collapses of deeply mined coal rocks are severe threats to miners. In order to predict the collapses more accurately using electromagnetic radiation (EMR), this paper researched the energy conversion mechanism in the damage process of coal rock mass, analysed its EMR and dissipated energy, and a relationship between which was established using the voltage amplitude of EMR signal and hysteresis loop generated in the loading and unloading cycles as a bridge; then a series of cyclic loading experiments using coal samples of Junde and Xinlu coal mines from Heilongjiang province were carried out, and EMR signal released during these cycles were collected. Results show that during a whole damage process of a sample, the cumulative values of EMR energy and corresponding dissipated energy (hysteresis loop area) well subject to the form of y=aln(x)+b, whose correlation coefficients are above 0.90, and EMR signals received by different frequency antenna seldom impacted on this relationship; the total EMR energy released from the whole failure process of the samples obtained from adjacent sampling point in same mining area are different to some extent, so are the dissipated energy; compared with cyclic loading for coal rock mass orderly with the peak loads of 5 kN and 10 kN previously, the dissipated energy of direct using that of 15 kN increase 17.8%, and EMR signal is more abundant; EMR energy received in each cycle increase steadily with the improvement of load level, and in a single loading and unloading cycle, sometimes it is very rich in the unloading phase, even more than the loading one.     

滚石冲击作用下埋地高压输气管道的可靠性分析

地质灾害往往会对高压输气管线造成安全隐患,岩体崩塌引起的滚石冲击是导致埋地输气管道第三方破坏的主要破坏形式之一。通过概率分布求出滚石产生的偶然性载荷对管道的冲击频率,根据可靠性理论,用管线钢自身的强度和撞击产生的工作应力,建立强度应力的安全裕度方程。然后利用LS-DYNA有限元软件,建立滚石冲击管道模型,计算不同条件下埋地输气管道的最大应力Sm,确定Sm的分布规律。最后,根据应力和强度的分布求得管道可靠度指标和失效概率。本研究提供的方法和结论对埋地输气管道的风险评估、管道的设计及施工具有重要的参考价值。     

层状节理岩体模型冲击实验

为研究层状节理岩体在冲击荷载作用下的力学特性,实验采用水泥砂浆预制层状节理岩体模型,设计4个落锤高度对不同节理组数的岩体进行冲击加载。通过对冲击过程中载荷及加速时程信号的分析处理,得出节理岩体动态承载力与节理组数呈负相关性,压缩位移与冲击高度呈正相关性;当冲击荷载较小时,节理岩体动态压缩位移主要来自节理法向闭合,节理周边开始产生细微裂缝;随着冲击荷载的逐渐增大,裂缝逐渐沿节理面扩展贯通导致岩体破坏。     

页岩层理对井壁稳定性影响分析

为了分析页岩的层理和水化损伤对钻井过程中井壁稳定性的影响,开展室内岩石三轴力学试验测试页岩原始状态和钻井液作用不同时间的力学特性;然后基于孔隙弹性理论和岩石弱面强度理论,综合考虑层理产状和水化损伤对页岩强度的影响,建立页岩地层井壁稳定性分析模型。结果表明:层理产状和水化损伤对井壁稳定性有显著的影响,都会导致坍塌压力升高,加剧井壁的不稳定性。综合考虑页岩的层理和水化损伤两个因素分析地层井壁稳定性,对优化不同时段钻井液性能,调整钻井液密度,保证钻井安全有重要意义。     

巷道多块体岩梁顶板变形破坏过程分析

针对巷道顶板岩层常受节理裂隙等各种软弱结构面切割,而形成外形似梁、实际是拱的多块体平衡岩梁结构,采用数值模拟方法,研究了巷道顶板多块体岩梁变形破坏过程,揭示了多块体岩梁的变形失稳机制及其过程中应力调整变化规律。研究结果表明:多块体梁回转危险截面为靠近跨中结构面;压应力部分的应力分布形态基本接近三角形;在达到极限状态时,整体形状由曲线变为折线。该结果对确定多块体梁的承载能力、维持平衡条件,进而进行巷道支护参数定量设计有重要的理论意义。     

基于试验的岩坡滑动面力学参数反演

由于岩体强度试验得到的力学参数与实际情况偏差较大,利用试验所得岩体结构面强度参数计算得到的岩坡稳定性系数往往与实际情况有一定误差。利用概率论中的极大似然估计法,结合室内试验和边坡安全系数计算方法,对岩坡滑动面的参数进行反演。结果表明,该反演结果精确性较高,说明所用方法更为可靠,所得结果可以为边坡的稳定性评价和支护设计提供合理的参数。