岩石声发射监测技术应用分析──对三峡水利枢纽运行时库区内滑坡实时动态监测的建议

简要介绍了三峡库区运行时滑坡实时监测的主要内容,介绍了以防大灾为目的的多参数、多手段、多方位的长期、快速有效的动态监测系统,并分析了岩石声发射监测技术的应用前景和为此需进一步研究的问题．     

滇西北宁蒗地区喜山期斑岩带形成的构造机制

宁蒗地区地处扬子准地台西缘与松潘-甘孜褶皱系的接合部位．其东为南北向的康滇地轴．西为近南北向的三江构造带。这种特定的区域构造背景决定着本区基本的菱形构造格局。区内北东向金棉-木里断裂将本区划为两个不同的建造-构造区：宁蒗西北区和宁蒗东南区。宁蒗东南区受四条北东向与北西向深断裂为界的宁南菱形构造控制，形成了叙方对称型的宁南反凸双孤联合构造。该宁南反凸双孤联会构造东弧带追踪基底南北向构造所形成的包都-波罗弧形断裂构造，控制了本区喜山期斑岩带的形成和分布。区内斑岩群（体）主要分布于该主干控岩断裂带与其它多方向构造的复合系统中。通过模拟实验，进步验证了区内斑岩带的控岩造机制。     

贵州连续性碳酸盐岩上覆景观特征的定量研究

利用GIS软件,探讨了贵州以连续性碳酸盐岩为基底地区的上覆景观单元、破碎化及斑块分形的特征及其形成原因。研究区域中,受岩性控制景现在整体上体现出一致性的基础上,又存在着明显的内部差异性。一致性表现为以灌木林地为优势景观,森林和草地中以次生景观为主,偏小的斑块占大多数,斑块大小分布全为正偏, 其分布曲线多为尖峭峰,斑块研究不存在面积上尺度域,斑块形状在人为强烈干扰下趋于规则而导致类型分维数的值偏小,人为干扰大的景观中斑块的破碎化更加明显。相比连续性白云岩地区,连续性石灰岩地区的水资源利用率低下,抗干扰能力弱,景观多样性不均衡,退化更严重,分割程度更破碎,空间异质性更强,稳定性差,易向逆向演替的方向发展。     

脆性岩石微裂纹压密段本构模型研究

为准确掌握脆性岩石在荷载作用下的应力-应变关系,从岩石单裂隙出发,引入自然应变的概念,建立了物理意义明确的脆性岩石微裂纹压密段本构模型,并将其简化后与线弹性阶段的本构模型进行统一。通过热-力耦合室内试验确定了模型参数,试验结果验证表明:模型能够描述不同热处理温度、不同围压下花岗岩的压密段、线弹性段试验结果,对于脆性岩石的高温劣化性和围压对压密段的抑制作用也有很好的呈现,对深入掌握脆性岩石的强度规律具有一定的指导意义。     

Impact of crystalline and amorphous iron- and aluminum hydroxides on mechanisms of phosphate adsorption and desorption

Fourier-transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopic experiments were carried out during phosphate adsorption on highly crystalline gibbsite, poorly crystalline 2-line-ferrihydrite and amorphous iron–aluminum–hydroxide mixtures in the molar ratio 1:0, 10:1, 5:1, 1:1, 1:5, 1:10 and 0:1. The OH stretching vibrational bands were utilized to analyze changes in structural and surface OH groups during adsorption, because the position of characteristic P\O vibrational bands can shift depending on reaction conditions, pH or adsorbed phosphate content.Adsorption and desorption kinetics were studied at pH6 and different initial phosphate concentrations to achieve varying phosphate coverage on the mineral surfaces. For gibbsite the formation of AlHPO_4 and Al_2HPO_4 can be assumed, while for ferrihydrite, a FeHPO_4 or Fe_2PO_4 complex and the precipitation of FePO_4 with longer equilibration time were proposed.Fe_2HPO_4 or a Fe_2PO_4 surface complex was deduced for Fe-hydroxides, an AlH_2PO_4 surface complex was identified for Al-hydroxide, and both displayed either hydrogen bonds to neighboring hydroxyl groups or hydrogen bonds to outer-sphere complexes. Fe:Al-hydroxide mixtures with high Al ratios showed a low phosphate desorption rate, while ferrihydrite and the Fe:Al-hydroxide mixtures with high Fe ratios had almost negligible desorption rates. It was concluded that within the weakly associated amorphous FeO(OH) materials, FePO_4 precipitated, which was bound by outer-sphere hydrogen bonds. With high Al ratios, desorption increased, which indicated weaker phosphate binding of both inner-sphere and outer-sphere complexes and hence, either no or minor quantities of precipitate. Ferrihydrite showed a more rigid structure and a lower extent of precipitation compared to amorphous Fe-hydroxide.     

基于模糊综合评判的冲击地压危险性分区预评价技术研究

为解决采煤工作面冲击地压危险性难以准确分区预评价的难题,运用模糊综合评判法建立冲击地压危险性评价模型,模拟工作面开采过程,对工作面开采过程中不同区域煤体应力影响因素进行综合分析,评判冲击危险性,实现了采煤工作面冲击危险性分区预评价。根据专家现场经验和试验研究结果,确定了影响冲击地压危险性等级的7个主要影响因素,采用层次分析法,确定各个因素的权重。评价模型在山东某煤矿3105工作面进行了应用,得到7个高度危险区,4个中度危险区,评价结果与现场实际基本吻合,表明该模型是合理可行的。     

一种新型水与废水吸附过滤技术的研究

以普通的石英砂(20～40目)滤料为基本原料,表面改性制备了一种投资省的多功能水与废水吸附过滤材料。首先考察了吸附过滤材料的表面特性,然后以人工配水为处理对象,通过动态试验装置,较系统地研究了此材料对可溶性磷酸盐和Cr3、Cu2等重金属离子的去除性能。试验结果表明,此吸附过滤材料不仅可以有效去除磷酸盐,而且对Cr3、Cu2等的去除率均在90％以上,再生率分别达94％及50％以上。      

滚石冲击作用下埋地高压输气管道的可靠性分析

地质灾害往往会对高压输气管线造成安全隐患,岩体崩塌引起的滚石冲击是导致埋地输气管道第三方破坏的主要破坏形式之一。通过概率分布求出滚石产生的偶然性载荷对管道的冲击频率,根据可靠性理论,用管线钢自身的强度和撞击产生的工作应力,建立强度应力的安全裕度方程。然后利用LS-DYNA有限元软件,建立滚石冲击管道模型,计算不同条件下埋地输气管道的最大应力Sm,确定Sm的分布规律。最后,根据应力和强度的分布求得管道可靠度指标和失效概率。本研究提供的方法和结论对埋地输气管道的风险评估、管道的设计及施工具有重要的参考价值。     

高地应力作用下乌鞘岭深埋长隧道软弱围岩流变规律研究

在高地应力环境下的软弱围岩中修建深埋长隧道,软弱围岩流变一是个突出的工程地质问题。位于兰新铁路上的鸟鞘岭隧道工程在穿越宽迭785m的活动断裂带F7时,软弱围岩发生了显著流变,围岩最大收敛变形超过1m,对支护结构造成了严重破坏。本文在对鸟鞘岭隧道进行长期围岩收敛变形的基础之上,分析了乌鞘岭左右两主洞的收敛变形规律。此外,作者提出了对软岩围岩流变进行工程治理的原则。     

Effect of precipitation pH and coexisting magnesium ion on phosphate adsorption onto hydrous zirconium oxide

To understand the effect of precipitation pH and coexisting Mg~(2+) on phosphate adsorption onto zirconium oxide(ZrO_2), ZrO_2 particles precipitated at pH 5.3, 7.1 and 10.5, i.e., ZrO_2(5.3), ZrO_2(7.1)and ZrO_2(10.5), respectively were prepared and characterized, then their adsorption performance and mechanism in the absence and presence of Mg~(2+) were comparatively investigated in this study. The results showed that the Elovich, pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherm models correlated with the experimental data well. The adsorption mechanism involved the complexation between phosphate and zirconium. Coexisting Mg~(2+) slightly inhibited the adsorption of phosphate on ZrO_2(5.3), including the adsorption capacity and rate, but coexisting Mg~(2+) greatly increased the adsorption capacity and rate for ZrO_2(7.1)and ZrO_2(10.5). The enhanced adsorption of phosphate on ZrO_2(7.1) and ZrO_2(10.5) in the presence of Mg~(2+) was mainly due to the formation of Mg~(2+)-HPO_4~(2-) ion pair(MgHPO_4~0) in the solution and then the adsorption of MgHPO_4~0 on the adsorbent surface, forming the phosphatebridged ternary complex Zr(OPO_3H)Mg. In the absence of Mg~(2+) , the maximum phosphate adsorption capacity at pH 7 calculated from the Langmuir isotherm model decreased in the order of ZrO 2(7.1)(67.3 mg/g) ZrO_2(5.3)(53.6 mg/g) ≈ ZrO_2(10.5)(53.1 mg/g), but it followed the order of Zr O2(7.1)(97.0 mg/g) ZrO_2(10.5)(79.7 mg/g) ZrO_2(5.3)(51.3 mg/g) in the presence of Mg~(2+) . The results of this work suggest that ZrO_2(7.1) is more suitable for use as an adsorbent for the effective removal of phosphate from municipal wastewater than ZrO_2(5.3) and ZrO_2(10.5),because Mg~(2+) is generally present in this wastewater.