某公路隧道围岩稳定性及支护方式分析

跟踪某隧道施工,进行地质素描和节理统计,通过赤平投影分析节理发育分布规律,建立岩体结构模型;根据隧道围岩结构模型,运用离散元分析方法计算围岩稳定性,并结合现场塌方分析围岩破坏模式。通过离散元分析及时支护和无支护情况下围岩稳定性,探讨钢格栅锚杆组合进行初次支护的力学机理;根据现场钢格栅承受压力和隧道收敛监测,分析某隧道施工中围岩和支护体系的稳定性,总结出隧道施工中安全事故的主要原因,并给出合理的支护建议。     

Sorption, desorption, and degradation of (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid in representative soils of the Danubian Lowland, Slovakia

Herbicide leaching through soil into groundwater greatly depends upon sorption-desorption and degradation phenomena. Batch adsorption, desorption and degradation experiments were performed with acidic herbicide MCPA and three soil types collected from their respective soil horizons. MCPA was found to be weakly sorbed by the soils with Freundlich coefficient values ranging from 0.37 to 1.03 mg^1−1/n kg⁻¹ L^1/n. It was shown that MCPA sorption positively correlated with soil organic carbon content, humic and fulvic acid carbon contents, and negatively with soil pH. The importance of soil organic matter in MCPA sorption by soils was also confirmed by performing sorption experiments after soil organic matter removal. MCPA sorption in these treated soils decreased by 37-100% compared to the original soils. A relatively large part of the sorbed MCPA was released from soils into aqueous solution after four successive desorption steps, although some hysteresis occurred during desorption of MCPA from all soils. Both sorption and desorption were depth-dependent, the A soil horizons exhibited higher retention capacity of the herbicide than B or C soil horizons. Generally, MCPA sorption decreased in the presence of phosphate and low molecular weight organic acids. Degradation of MCPA was faster in the A soil horizons than the corresponding B or C soil horizons with half-life values ranging from 4.9 to 9.6 d in topsoils and from 11.6 to 23.4 d in subsoils.     

丹水撇洪渠右岸边坡的稳定性分析

长阳县丹水撇洪渠右岸边坡沿途多处有变形严重的现象,研究其稳定性对确保渠道安全有重要意义。综合应用刚体极限平衡法和有限单元法分析和评价了该边坡的稳定性。计算分析表明,局部边坡段在各种工况下整体稳定性均不能满足规范要求,并提出了有关治理措施的建议。     

基于距离判别分析法的冲击地压预测研究

考虑影响冲击地压的矿山地质因素和开采技术因素,提出预测预报冲击地压危险性的距离判别分析方法。选用煤层开采深度、顶板岩性、地质构造复杂程度、煤层倾角、煤层厚度、开采方法、有无煤柱、炮采或综采8项指标作为距离判别分析模型的输入变量,并以工程实测数据作为学习样本进行训练,建立相应判别函数对待判样本进行预测。研究结果表明,距离判别分析模型学习性能良好,预测精度高,回判估计的误判率为零,是冲击地压预测预报的一种有效而实用的方法。     

Obtaining the porewater composition of a clay rock by modeling the in- and out-diffusion of anions and cations from an in-situ experiment

A borehole in the Callovo–Oxfordian clay rock in ANDRA's underground research facility was sampled during 1 year and chemically analyzed. Diffusion between porewater and the borehole solution resulted in concentration changes which were modeled with PHREEQC's multicomponent diffusion module. In the model, the clay rock's pore space is divided in free porewater (electrically neutral) and diffuse double layer water (devoid of anions). Diffusion is calculated separately for the two domains, and individually for all the solute species while a zero-charge flux is maintained. We explain how the finite difference formulas for radial diffusion can be translated into mixing factors for solutions. Operator splitting is used to calculate advective flow and chemical reactions such as ion exchange and calcite dissolution and precipitation. The ion exchange reaction is formulated in the form of surface complexation, which allows distributing charge over the fixed sites and the diffuse double layer. The charge distribution affects pH when calcite dissolves, and modeling of the experimental data shows that about 7% of the cation exchange capacity resides in the diffuse double layer. The model calculates the observed concentration changes very well and provides an estimate of the pristine porewater composition in the clay rock.     

Effect of application of phosphate and organic manure-based fertilizers on arsenic transformation in soil columns

The mobility of arsenic in Cambisol under the influence of added barnyard manure and application of a phosphate solution to the soil was described on the basis of column experiments. A soil sample containing 126 mg/kg total As and 3.72 mg/kg specifically-sorbed As was extracted using demineralized water (DIW) or a 28 μmol/l phosphate solution in a column containing untreated soil and in a column with added barnyard fertilizer. The pH, Eh, alkalinity, main components, including DOC, and selected trace elements (Al, Mn, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Ba and As) were determined in the extracts. Hydrodynamic tests of the flow and transport of the substances in the columns were carried out. The addition of barnyard manure was manifested in elevated concentrations of the main inorganic components, DOC and Al and a decrease in the Eh value and Mn concentration. Application of a phosphate solution was manifested in a decrease in the NO₃ and SO₄ concentrations, probably as a result of the effect of increased biological fixation. The As concentration in extracts varied from 8.8 to 15.5 μg/l and was not dependent on the composition of the extracting solution or the addition of barnyard fertilizer.     

Environmental regulatory failure and metal contamination at the Giap Lai pyrite mine, Northern Vietnam

The causes for the failure in enforcement of environmental regulations at the Giap Lai pyrite mine in northern Vietnam are considered and the environmental impacts that are associated with this mine are evaluated. It is shown that sulphide-rich tailings and waste rock in the mining area represent significant sources of acid rock drainage (ARD). The ARD is causing elevated metal levels in downstream water bodies, which in turn, represent a threat to both human health and to aquatic ecosystems. Metal concentrations in impacted surface waters have increased after mine closure, suggesting that impacts are becoming progressively more serious. No post-closure, remediation measures have been applied at the mine, in spite of the existence of environmental legislation and both central and regional institutions charged with environmental supervision and control. The research presented here provides further emphasis for the recommendation that, while government institutions may need to be strengthened, and environmental regulations need to be in place, true on the ground improvement in environmental quality in Vietnam and in many other developing countries require an increased focus on promoting public awareness of industrial environmental issues.     

深井硬岩矿山岩爆灾害预测研究

岩爆是深井硬岩矿山常见的地质灾害之一.岩爆倾向性指标主要有弹性能量指数、线弹性能、冲击能量指标、脆性系数、Russenses判据等.根据国内外矿山和地下工程岩爆实例的统计分析,Russenses判据是明显有规律性的岩爆倾向性指标.冬瓜山铜矿是典型的深井硬岩矿山,依据其地质特点,采用Russenses判据预测了该矿发生岩爆的可能性.     

巷道顶板三维板梁结构的传力机制研究

为了揭示巷道开挖前后,巷道顶板三维板梁结构内应力场的演化规律,通过建立层状岩层的承载传力力学模型,研究了层间结构面和层状岩体变形对承载和传递应力的扰动作用,提出了层间结构面和层状岩体承载传力的能量分析方法,确定了层状岩体的应力传递和应变能密度解析解,揭示了结构面储能和层状岩体承载传力的影响规律,并在淮南张集矿1412A工作面开展工程应用。结果表明:法向刚度和切向刚度决定了层间结构面的储能能力,法向应力和切向应力决定了结构面的实际储能大小;岩层的承载应力并非等于上部岩层的负重,而是上部岩层的作用应力、自重应力、下位岩层的作用应力叠加的结果;应力传递效率与相邻上下层岩层的容重比呈正相关关系,与层厚比呈负相关关系,与弹性模量比呈负相关关系;1412A工作面开采时,1#煤顶板第1层薄的软弱泥岩无法承载上方岩层的重量,第2层厚的中砂岩可以承载上方岩层及自身重量,载荷应力为0.90 MPa,计算得到该类条件下基本顶初次断裂步距为30.7 m,与现场实测结果基本一致。